Child Abuse, Child Welfare & Adoption Database - 1965

TITLE: Managed Care and Child Welfare: Challenges to Implementation.

AUTHOR: Embry, R. A.; Buddenhagen, P.; Bolles, S.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000

JOURNAL TITLE: Children and Youth Services Review

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: California Univ., Berkeley. School of Social Welfare.

SOURCE: 22(2): pp. 93-116; Elsevier Science Ltd., New York, NY., February 2000; p. 158

ABSTRACT: This article reviews the managed care evaluation literature and information gathered from child welfare administrators in California to illustrate that there is little empirical support for the wholesale adoption of managed care principles to child welfare. Numerous reasons for concern including a lack of understanding of the essential features of managed care by public sector administrators, limited child welfare risk assessment capabilities, and the coercive nature of child welfare services are highlighted. a more incremental approach to evaluating the promise of managed care principles in child welfare settings is urged. Essential policy and administrative issues are identified for further debate. 45 references and 1 figure. (Author abstract)

KEY TERMS: managed care; child welfare services; program administration; program development; program evaluation; policy formation; california; state programs

PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal Article

TITLE: Relations Between Coercive Strategies and MMPI-2 Scale Elevations Among Women Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse.

AUTHOR: Lucenko, B. A.; Gold, S. N.; Elhai, J. D.; Russo, S. A.; Swingle, J. M.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000

JOURNAL TITLE: Journal of Traumatic Stress

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Nova Southeastern Univ., Fort Lauderdale, FL.

SOURCE: 13(1): pp. 169-177; Kluwer Academic-Plenum Publishers, Dordrecht (The Netherlands)., January 2000; p. 379

ABSTRACT: The relationship between coercion strategies used by perpetrators of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and elevations of CSA survivors on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) was investigated in this study. Participants+; were 151 women survivors of CSA in outpatient treatment at a university-based community mental health center. Scores on the MMPI-2 clinical scales and the Keane posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) scale were examined. Main effects were found for +; promised or received rewards on several clinical scales and the PTSD scale of the MMPI-2, independent of the use of force. Specifically, the presence of such rewards was associated with significantly higher levels of symptomatology on Paranoia (Pa), +; Psychasthenia (Pt), Schizophrenia (Sc), and PTSD (Pk). There were no main or interaction effects noted for the presence of actual or threatened force on any of the scales. 18 references, 1 figure, and 2 tables. (Author abstract)

KEY TERMS: adults abused as children; sexual abuse; female victims; characteristics of abuser; personality disorders; personality patterns; sequelae; child abuse research

PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal Article

INTERNET URL: http://www.wkap.nl

TITLE: Prediction of Recidivism in Extrafamilial Child Molesters Based on Court-Related Assessments.

AUTHOR: Firestone, P.; Bradford, J. M.; McCoy, M.; Greenberg, D. M.; et al.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000

JOURNAL TITLE: Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Ottawa Univ., ON (Canada). School of Psychology.

SOURCE: 12(3): pp. 203-221; Kluwer Academic-Plenum Publishers, Dordrecht (The Netherlands)., 2000; p. 435

ABSTRACT: One hundred ninety-two convicted extrafamilial child molesters were followed for an average of 7.8 years after their conviction. The percentage of men who had committed a sexual, a violent, or any criminal offense by the 12th year was 15.1, 20.3, and 41.6, respectively. The sexual recidivists, compared with the nonrecidivists, demonstrated more problems with alcohol and showed greater sexual arousal to assaultive stimuli involving children than to mutually consenting stimuli with children. The violent recidivists, compared with the nonrecidivists, were more likely to have a history of violence in the families in which they were raised and were rated significantly more psychopathic on the Psychopathy Checklist Revised (PCL-R). They also showed more sexual arousal to stimuli depicting mutually consenting sexual interactions with children than to adult stimuli. In terms of any criminal recidivism, recidivists were younger, had completed fewer years of school, and were raised in psychologically more harmful family environments compared with nonrecidivists. They also reported that, before 16 years of age, they were more likely to have been physically abused and were more likely to have been removed from their homes compared to those that did not recidivate. In addition, recidivists demonstrated more general hostility on the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory and were rated significantly more psychopathic on the PCL-R. The phallometric assessments revealed that the criminal recidivists, compared to the nonrecidivists, showed more sexual arousal to stimuli depicting coercive sexual activity with children than consenting sexual activities with children. In addition, they showed more sexual arousal to scenes depicting adult rape than adult mutually consenting sex. Finally, the recidivists also had more charges or convictions for violence and any criminal acts. The small number of significant differences between recidivists and nonrecidivists in the sexual and violent categories precluded an attempt to determine which combination of factors meaningfully predicted reoffending. However, for criminal recidivism, a stepwise discriminant function analysis to assess the combination of factors that most successfully distinguished between groups in terms of criminal recidivism was significant, with subjects' age, total number of criminal convictions, and pedophile assault index

KEY TERMS: predictor variables; recidivism; sex offenders; risk factors; assessment; characteristics of abuser; child abuse research; psychopathology being retained for optimal prediction. The procedures correctly classified 70.6 percent ofthe original group, 82.8 percent of the nonrecidivists, and 52.6 percent of the recidivists. PCL-R Total Score alone was equally successful in a similar discriminant function. 61 references, 1 figure, and 3 tables. (Author abstract)

PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal Article

INTERNET URL: http://www.wkap.nl

TITLE: Developmental Antecedents of Sexual Coercion in Juvenile Sexual Offenders.

AUTHOR: Johnson, G. M.; Knight, R. A.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000

JOURNAL TITLE: Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Brandeis Univ., Waltham, MA. Dept. of Psychology.

SOURCE: 12(3): pp. 165-178; Kluwer Academic-Plenum Publishers, Dordrecht (The Netherlands)., 2000; p. 441

ABSTRACT: Previous research has linked adult sex offending behavior to a multiplicity of variables, including juvenile delinquency and the experience of childhood abuse. The purpose of this study was to explore developmental pathways among childhood abuse, juvenile delinquency, and personality dimensions possibly conducive to adolescent sexual coercion. Using a retrospective self-report inventory, the extent to which juvenile sexual offenders experienced childhood trauma, engaged in adolescent delinquency, and exhibited particular dispositions and cognitive biases was measured. The effects of childhood and adolescent antecedents on sexual coerciveness were then analyzed through simultaneous multiple regression path analyses. Resultssuggest that sexual compulsivity and hypermasculinity, through misogynistic fantasy behavior, significantly discriminate verbally and physically coercive juvenile offenders from those offenders who do not report using force in their offenses. Results also suggest that alcohol abuse may play a more salient role in the expression of coercive juvenile sexual coercion than previously hypothesized. 30 references, 2 figures, and 2 tables. (Author abstract)

KEY TERMS: adolescent sex offenders; sex offenses; predictor variables; child development; child abuse history; juvenile delinquency; alcohol abuse; psychological characteristics

PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal Article

INTERNET URL: http://www.wkap.nl

TITLE: Development of the Stay Safe Programme.

AUTHOR: MacIntyre, D.; Carr, A.; Lawlor, M.; Flattery, M.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000

JOURNAL TITLE: Child Abuse Review

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Eastern Health Board and Child Abuse Prevention Programme.

SOURCE: 9(3): pp. 200-216; John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY., 2000; p. 810

ABSTRACT: The development and implementation of the Stay Safe program, a comprehensive sexual abuse prevention program implemented in a majority of primary schools in the Republic of Ireland since 1991, is reviewed in this article. The program ismulti-systemic in that it includes modules for teachers, parents, and children; it also involves liaison with local child protection and child health professionals as an integral part of implementation. The program employs multimedia-based instruction to facilitate multimodal learning. The broad curriculum covers topics such as bullying and child abuse as two related forms of victimization. Disclosure training, assertiveness training, and coercion management training are included in the curriculum, which also focuses on enhancing self-esteem and promoting peer support. Teachers were trained first, followed by parents, then children. A controlled evaluation of the program, involving 772 children, 374 parents, and 28 teachers showed that it led to significant gains in knowledge and skills for children, teachers, and parents, and that for children, these gains were maintained at 3 months follow-up. Three tables, 29 references. (Author abstract modified)

KEY TERMS: child abuse; prevention programs; ireland; curricula; professionals role; victimization; self esteem; peer relationships

PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal Article

INTERNET URL: http://www.wiley.com

TITLE: Childhood Sexual Abuse and Dating Experiences of Undergraduate Women.

AUTHOR: Banyard, V. L.; Arnold, S.; Smith, J.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000

JOURNAL TITLE: Child Maltreatment

SOURCE: 5(1): pp. 39-48; Sage Publications, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA., February 2000

ABSTRACT: This study examined the relationship between the experience of childhood sexual abuse and later victimization of psychological aggression, physical violence, or sexual coercion in a dating relationship. Participants were 219 female college undergraduates. Child sexual abuse was significantly related to having experienced both physical and psychological dating aggression even after controlling for the presence of conflict in the family of origin. Child sexual abuse was not significantly related to sexual coercion or reports of silencing oneself in relationships. 39 references and 2 tables. (Author abstract)

KEY TERMS: adults abused as children; sexual abuse; sequelae; interpersonal relationships; nonmarital violence; battering; sexual assault; child abuse research

PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal Article

INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com/

TITLE: ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AS A RESULT OF ABUSE: Selected Articles.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000

SOURCE: NCCAN Annotated Bibliographies; 2000

KEY TERMS: kinship care; drug exposed infants; sequelae; child placement; outcomes; prevalence; behavior problems; child welfare research; longitudinal studies; violence; symptoms; adolescents; school surveys; ethnicity; urban environment; risk factors; physical abuse; corporal punishment; child abuse research; china; sexual behavior; child behavior; predictor variables; spouse abuse; child witnesses of family violence; child development; research methodology; data collection; measures; sexual abuse; etiology; sexually abusive children; differential diagnoses; case studies; adolescent; adults abused as children; attachment behavior; nonmarital violence; aggressive behavior; juvenile delinquency; homicide; psychological characteristics; family violence; suicide; antisocial behavior; impulsive behavior; mothers; posttraumatic stress disorder; battered women; community violence; emotional problems; child abuse history; adoption; foster care; school children; family relationships; family support systems

PUBLICATION TYPE: Annotated Bibliography

INTRODUCTION:    This annotated bibliography is a product of the National Clearinghouse
on Child Abuse and Neglect Information. The references have been selected
from thousands of materials available in our database to provide you with
the most up-to-date information related to child victims, witnesses, and
perpetrators of violence.

This bibliography looks at prevention, intervention and treatment issues
in relation to the impacts of violence on children. It is presented in
three sections: children as victims of violence, children as witnesses of
violence, and children and adolescents as perpetrators of violence.
Although many references cover more than one subject area, each citation
is listed only once in this bibliography, primarily under its major
subject heading.

All documents in this bibliography are contained in the Clearinghouse
library and are referenced following the format of the American
Psychological Association (APA). Authors, titles, publication dates and
publishers are provided within this format for each reference. We are
not, however, able to provide photocopies of all materials due to
copyright restrictions. Copies of publications that are not copyrighted,
such as Government publications, grant reports, or unpublished papers,
are available from the Clearinghouse for a reproduction fee of $0.10 per
page. Journal articles and chapters in books are copyrighted and may be
found at research or university libraries.

Information Specialists can answer questions about copyright status and
ordering information, as well as guide you in selecting materials from
this bibliography or suggest other materials that may be useful to you.
In addition, Specialists are available to conduct customized searches
of Clearinghouse databases for a base fee of $5.00 plus $.20 per record.

For more information, please contact

National Clearinghouse on Child Abuse and Neglect Information
330 C St., SW
Washington, DC 20447
Tel.: (800)394-3366 or 703-385-7565
Fax:   703-385-3206
E-mail:   nccanch@calib.com

INTERNET URL: http://www.calib.com/nccanch

TITLE: OUT OF HOME CARE: RESIDENTIAL CARE AND GROUP HOMES: Selected Articles.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000

SOURCE: NCCAN Annotated Bibliographies; 2000

KEY TERMS: orphanages; orphans; social policies; policy formation; child welfare reform; family preservation; outcomes; adoption; funding; child welfare services; institutional abuse and neglect; foster care drift; judicial role; permanency planning; florida; historical perspective; deinstitutionalization; model programs; program descriptions; program development; residential care institutions; welfare reform; political factors; private sector; poverty; therapeutic effectiveness; child placement; economic disadvantage; attitudes; child development; research reviews; psychological characteristics; research methodology; maternal deprivation; foster care; incidence; statistical data; predictor variables; social workers attitudes; public opinion; government role; discipline; state statutory law; federal statutory law; vocational training; state laws; licensing; standards; state surveys; personnel; treatment programs; program models; federal aid; grants; religious organizations; family characteristics; family life; program costs; cost effectiveness; costs; operating expenses; program planning; federal laws; sequelae; residential care; michigan; child welfare research; managed care; residential treatment; program administration; out of home care; foster children; direct service providers; emotionally disturbed children; behavior modification; therapeutic intervention; intervention strategies; service delivery; program evaluation; family programs; shared family care; adolescent sex offenders; sex offenders therapy; hispanics; american indians; african americans; models; parenting; group dynamics; control; interviews; adolescents; focus groups; family therapy; canada; cultural conflicts; residential schools; environmental stress; trauma; counselors; disclosure; mental health services; social services; mental disorders; institutions

PUBLICATION TYPE: Annotated Bibliography

INTERNET URL: http://www.calib.com/nccanch

TITLE: Child Abuse Crimes: Child Pornography (Current through December 31, 1999): Louisiana.

INST. AUTHOR: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES; NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE ON CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT INFORMATION; NATIONAL CENTER FOR PROSECUTION OF CHILD ABUSE

PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000

JOURNAL TITLE: Crimes Number 30

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children's Bureau; NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE ON CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT INFORMATION, 330 C Street, SW, Washington, DC, 20447, (703) 385-7565, Outside Metropolitan Area: (800) FYI-3366; NATIONAL CENTER FOR PROSECUTION OF CHILD ABUSE, 99 Canal Center Plaza, Suite 510, Alexandria, VA, 22314, (703) 739-0321

SOURCE: In: Child Pornography

KEY TERMS: Statute; Louisiana; Abuse; Child; Child Abuse; Child Abuse Crimes; Child Pornography; conduct; juvenile; sexual conduct; solicit; solicitation

PUBLICATION TYPE: Statutes

INTERNET URL: http://www.ndaa-apri.org

TITLE: Child Abuse Crimes: Sexual Offenses (Current through December 31, 1999): Minnesota.

INST. AUTHOR: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES; NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE ON CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT INFORMATION; NATIONAL CENTER FOR PROSECUTION OF CHILD ABUSE

PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000

JOURNAL TITLE: Crimes Number 35

SOURCE: In: Sexual Offenses

KEY TERMS: Statute; Minnesota; Abuse; Child; Child Abuse; Child Abuse Crimes; circumstances; conduct; penetration; relationship; sexual conduct

PUBLICATION TYPE: Statutes

INTERNET URL: http://www.ndaa-apri.org

TITLE: Questioning Children Who May Have Been Sexually Abused: An Integration of Research Into

AUTHOR: Faller, K. C.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999

JOURNAL TITLE: Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor. School of Social Work.

SOURCE: 2(2): pp. 37-59; Haworth Press, Inc., Binghamton, NY., 1999; p. 320

ABSTRACT: This article derives from an Open Forum on Leading Questions sponsored by the American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children. It represents the thoughts of participants in the Open Forum, and the article attempts to integrate analogue research that relates to questioning children about past events into questioning practice with children who may have been sexually abused. It proposes a continuum of questions that includes four categories: most preferred; preferred; less preferred; and least preferred. General and invitational questions are most preferred, while presumptive questions and use of coercion are least preferred methods of interviewing. 37 references and 1 table. (Author abstract modified)

KEY TERMS: interviews; sexual abuse; child abuse research; leading questions; assessment; child witnesses; suggestibility; best practices

PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal Article

INTERNET URL: http://www.haworthpressinc.com

TITLE: Sequential Analyses in Coercive Mother-Child Interaction: The Predictability Hypothesis in Abusive Versus Nonabusive Dyads.

AUTHOR: Cerezo, M. A.; D'Ocon, A.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999

JOURNAL TITLE: Child Abuse and Neglect

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Valencia Univ. (Spain). Dept. of Basic Psychology.

SOURCE: 23(2): pp. 99-113; New York, NY, Elsevier Science, February 1999

ABSTRACT: This study tested the sequential relationship between the child's aversive behavior and both the predictability and the compliance episodes, as well as the sequential relationship between these two mothering episodes proposed by the new predictability hypothesis (Wahler, Williams, and Cerezo, 1990). The compliance hypothesis explains that instructional behaviors by the mother precipitate oppositional and aversive behavior by the child, which the mother avoids by conceding to the child. The predictability hypotheses attributes a child's deviant behavior to the mother's erratic behavior as a way of achieving a predictable response from the mother. The new predictability hypothesis proposed by Wahler, et al suggests that inconsistent behavior by the mother to enforce her demand leads to a pattern of interpersonal conflict between the mother and child. The study also explored whether or not these patterns are specific to dysfunctional dyads by using a nonabusive comparison group. Fifty mother child dyads, including 25 abusive and 25 nonabusive pairs, participated in the study. Lag sequential analyses were carried out on 302 hours of direct observation, 178 on the abusive group, and 124 in the nonabusive group. Results of the sequential analyses showed that the predictions derived from the compliance and predictability hypotheses were supported in both groups. The only difference between the groups lies in the new predictability hypothesis, so the two mothering reactions are not sequentially related in the nonabusive group. 35 references, 4 figures and 5 tables. (Author abstract modified)

KEY TERMS: predictor variables; mother child relationships; interpersonal relationships; etiology; child behavior; behavior problems; discipline; sequelae

PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal Article

TITLE: Pathways in the Offending Process of Extrafamilial Sexual Child Molesters.

AUTHOR: Proulx, J.; Perreault, C.; Ouimet, M.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999

JOURNAL TITLE: Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Montreal Univ., Quebec (Canada). School of Criminology.

SOURCE: 11(2): pp. 117-129; New York, NY, Kluwer Academic-Plenum Publishers, April 1999

ABSTRACT: This study investigated specific pathways in the offending process of extrafamilial sexual child molesters. Forty-four Canadian men who had committed at least one sexual offense against a nonfamilial prepubescent child were included in this study and were classified using cluster analysis. Thirty subjects using the coercive pathway had generally used psychoactive substances before their offenses. Furthermore, they had sexually abused a female victim without perceived vulnerability and whom they had already known. These offenders had not planned their offense, which was of short duration (less than 15 minutes), and involved coital activities and coercion (verbal and/or physical). Fourteen subjects using the noncoercive pathway had generally used pornography and deviant sexual fantasies before their offenses. Moreover, they had molested a male victim, in whom they perceived a psychosocial vulnerability and who was not familiar to them. These molesters had planned their offense, which was of longer duration (more than 15 minutes) and involved noncoital activities without coercion. These 2 pathways were compared. 6 tables and numerous references. (Author abstract modified)

KEY TERMS: sex offenders; sexual abuse; male victims; female victims; pornography; canada

PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal Article

INTERNET URL: http://www.wkap.com

TITLE: Relationship Between Childhood Sexual Abuse Characteristics and Dissociation Among Women in Therapy.

AUTHOR: Gold, S. N.; Hill, E. L.; Swingle, J. M.; Elfant, A. S.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999

JOURNAL TITLE: Journal of Family Violence

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Nova Southeastern Univ., Fort Lauderdale, FL. Center for Psychological Studies.

SOURCE: 14(2): pp. 157-171; New York, NY, Kluwer Academic-Plenum Publishers, June 1999

ABSTRACT: This study investigated the relationship between 10 characteristics of childhood sexual abuse and dissociation in adulthood. A structural clinical interview, the Dissociative Experiences Scale, and the Dissociation Subscale of the Symptoms Checklist 90-Revised were administered to 118 women survivors seeking psychotherapy. Separate stepwise multiple regression analyses were conducted for each dissociation scale to determine which abuse characteristics were predictive of dissociation. In both analyses, the same 4 variables were significantly related to dissociation: age at onset, coercive sexual acts, objectifying sexual acts, and concurrent multiple perpetrators. Implications of findings for future research and clinical practice are explored. Sexual abuse characteristics that have been examined thus far do not account for the majority of variance in dissociative symptomatology in adulthood. Studies of childhood sexual abuse that draw conclusions about severity based on typical abuse characteristics such as duration, age at onset, frequency, and the presence or absence of penetration, are limited. The authors recommend that the findings of this study be replicated with other populations and that the relationship of other variables to dissociation besides childhood sexual abuse characteristics be explored. 7 tables and numerous references. (Author abstract modified)

KEY TERMS: sexual abuse; dissociation; adults abused as children; psychotherapy; interviews; characteristics of abused; guidelines

PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal Article

INTERNET URL: http://www.wkap.com

TITLE: Mandatory Mediation of Custody in the Face of Domestic Violence: Suggestions for Courts and Mediators.

AUTHOR: Maxwell, J. P.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999

JOURNAL TITLE: Family and Conciliation Courts Review

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Kent State Univ., OH. Center for Applied Conflict Management.

SOURCE: 37(3): pp. 335-355; Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications, Inc., July 1999

ABSTRACT: This article considers the effects of domestic violence on the mediation process and suggests strategies that mediators might use to recognize and respond to domestic violence. As a process that requires a balance of power between participants, mediation is not an appropriate method to resolve domestic violence disputes, which reflect profound disparities in power between the perpetrator and the victim. Of all marriages referred to court-based divorce and custody-visitation mediation programs, 50 percent to 80 percent involve domestic violence. This raises very serious questions about mandatory mediation. Mediators are urged to identify cases involving an imbalance of power or coercion by screening all participants individually for indications of domestic violence. Mediators should also recognize that violence cannot be mediated and that children are affected by domestic violence even after the divorce. In addition, the process can put women at greater risk for violence as they try to reason with the batterer. 105 references. (Author abstract modified)

KEY TERMS: spouse abuse; child custody; mediation; custody disputes; visitation; divorce; legal processes; alternative dispute resolution

PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal Article

INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com/

TITLE: Sexuality, Sexual Abuse and Children's Homes: Oppression or Protection?

AUTHOR: Green, L.; Parkin, W.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Huddersfield Univ. (England).

SOURCE: Violence Against Children Study Group, Huddersfield (England). Children, Child Abuse and Child Protection: Placing Children Centrally. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., New York, NY., 1999; pp. 175-192

ABSTRACT: This chapter reports the findings of qualitative research about the sexuality of children in residential care. The study examined the link between sexual abuse victimization and sexual behavior, the impact of the residential environment, and the responses of residential staff. More than 100 people were interviewed, including residential workers and managers, external managers, social workers, children currently in care, and former residents. The responses revealed that the children were vulnerable to sexual abuse or coercion into prostitution because of their need for affection, low self-esteem, and their limited social contacts. Staff often failed to recognize or respond to the residents' sexuality, or were punitive and blamed females. Male staff took no responsibility for addressing sexuality and avoided any discussion or situation related to sex out of fear of being accused of abuse. Few policies addressed sexuality and managers denied sexual behavior or covered-up abuse. When they did intervene, managers' responses were gender-oriented. The chapter recommends that children and staff be provided with an advocacy system and opportunity for complaint. Staff and managers should be trained on sexuality and gender issues. 43 references.

KEY TERMS: residential care; group homes; great britain; sexual behavior; sexual abuse; sex factors; prostitution; sequelae

PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter in Book

INTERNET URL: http://www.wiley.com

TITLE: 'Being There': Residential Care of Children and Young People.

AUTHOR: Horrocks, C.; Karban, K.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Huddersfield Univ. (England).

ABSTRACT: This chapter considers the role of residential care in the continuum of child protection services and how care can be improved to better meet the needs of children and youth. Youth in residential care in Great Britain tend to be older than 13 years with emotional and behavior problems and experiences with abuse, family relationship difficulties, poverty, single parent households, and criminal behavior. Reports of scandals and failure to meet the long term needs of youth have contributed to the perception of residential care institutions as inferior to foster care. A survey of young people in residential care identified three basic needs that should be addressed in residential care: attention from carers; understanding of another person; and freedom. The youth are extremely vulnerable to problems, such as lack of control and coercion. Residential care institutions can meet the needs of youth by addressing their perceived needs, providing treatment and support for resolving problems, and creating opportunities to enhance development. 35 references.

KEY TERMS: residential care; great britain; child protection; historical perspective; policy formation; service delivery; needs assessment; quality of care

PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter in Book

INTERNET URL: http://www.wiley.com

TITLE: Prosecuting Attorneys in Dependency Proceedings in Juvenile Court: Defining and Assessing a Critical Role in Child Abuse and Neglect Cases.

AUTHOR: Scahill, M.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999

JOURNAL TITLE: Journal of the Center for Children and the Courts

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: National Center for Juvenile Justice.

SOURCE: 1: pp. 73-99; Judicial Council of California, San Francisco., 1999

ABSTRACT: This article reviews the role of prosecuting attorneys in civil dependency proceedings and criminal child abuse cases. In some states, prosecutors are only involved in criminal proceedings against adults accused of child abuse. In other states, the prosecuting attorney is assigned a dual role of responsibility for presenting civil dependency proceedings as well as criminal cases. Some prosecutors represent the interests of the local social service agency, while others represent the state. Prosecutors with a dual role may face a conflict between their duty to settle cases with parents according to agency goals and their responsibility to prosecute crimes. Considerations related to prosecutorial structure include: fundamental differences in goals and philosophies of criminal justice and child welfare systems; fairness issues for parents and the right to refuse self-incrimination; procedural safeguards to protect parents rights, such as negative inference, counsel for parents, use immunity, and confidentiality; and the coercive power of the state. Issues for efficient and effective case processing when the same attorney handles both civil and criminal proceedings, when different attorneys in the same office handle civil and criminal proceedings, and when different attorneys in different offices handle civil and criminal proceedings are discussed. Multidisciplinary teams are recommended to coordinate proceedings, gather evidence, interview victims, plan treatment, train interviewers, and develop priorities. Special considerations for prosecuting attorneys who also represent the agency in civil dependency proceedings are also outlined. The article concludes by reporting findings from recent research about these issues. 2 tables.

KEY TERMS: dependency; juvenile court; district attorneys; lawyers role; lawsuits; trial courts; legal processes; prosecution

PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal Article

INTERNET URL: http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov

TITLE: DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES AND CHILD MALTREATMENT: Selected Articles.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999

SOURCE: NCCAN Annotated Bibliographies; 1999

KEY TERMS: program evaluation; foster parents training; drug exposed infants; addicted infants; program models; competency based training; parenting skills; foster parent recruitment; foster care; sequelae; child development; visitation; health status; kinship care; program planning; concurrent planning; shared family care; evaluation methods; services delivery; early intervention programs; child placement; outcomes; prevalence; behavior problems; child welfare research; prenatal child abuse; prenatal care; prenatal influences; alcohol abuse; substance abusing mothers; substance abuse; intervention; substance abusing parents; postnatal drug exposure; child welfare services; intervention strategies; drug abuse; cocaine; child health; neurological impairments; predictor variables; hospitalized children; hospitalization; health services; legal rights; fetal rights; maternal rights; state case law; nonpunitive approach; drug treatment programs; mental retardation; cognitive development; social policies; criminal charges; criminal laws; legal processes; foster parents; child abuse research; qualitative research; identification; policy formation; interagency cooperation; risk factors; assessment; nurses role; nurseries; hiv; family preservation; family services; foster families; community based services; home visitation programs; state laws; prosecution

PUBLICATION TYPE: Annotated Bibliography

INTERNET URL: http://www.calib.com/nccanch

TITLE: THE LINK BETWEEN CHILD ABUSE AND ANIMAL ABUSE: Selected Articles.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999

SOURCE: NCCAN Annotated Bibliographies; 1999

KEY TERMS: family violence; animal cruelty; child witnesses of family violence; interagency collaboration; crisis intervention; community intervention projects; abusive children; generational cycle of family violence; etiology; sequelae; family violence research; interpersonal relationships; literature reviews; historical perspectives; child abuse; medical services; child health; institutional abuse and neglect; spouse abuse; feminism; models; sexual abuse; policy formation; child advocacy; child abuse reporting; predictor variables; physicians role; prevention; physical abuse; corporal punishment; prevalence; child witnesses; felony; adults abused as children; antisocial behavior; interdisciplinary approach; interagency cooperation; assessment; psychological evaluation; measures; intervention strategies

PUBLICATION TYPE: Annotated Bibliography

INTERNET URL: http://www.calib.com/nccanch

TITLE: Legislation Regarding the Use of Special Hearsay Exceptions for Criminal Child Abuse Cases (Current through December 31, 1999): Alabama.

INST. AUTHOR: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES; NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE ON CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT INFORMATION; NATIONAL CENTER FOR PROSECUTION OF CHILD ABUSE

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999

JOURNAL TITLE: Child Witnesses Number 23

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Administration for Children and Families Administration on Children, Youth and Families Children's Bureau; NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE ON CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT INFORMATION 330 C Street, SW, Washington, DC, 20447, (703) 385-7565 Outside Metropolitan Area: (800) FYI-3366; NATIONAL CENTER FOR PROSECUTION OF CHILD ABUSE 99 Canal Center Plaza, Suite 510, Alexandria, VA, 22314, (703) 739-0321

SOURCE: In: Special Child Hearsay Exceptions

KEY TERMS: Statute; Alabama; Abuse; Child; Child Abuse; Child Abuse Cases; conduct; Criminal Child Abuse; Criminal; defendant; jurisdiction; Legislation; offense; ring of veracity; Special Hearsay Exceptions; trauma

PUBLICATION TYPE: Statutes

INTERNET URL: http://www.ndaa-apri.org

TITLE: Legislation Regarding the Use of Special Hearsay Exceptions for Criminal Child Abuse Cases (Current through December 31, 1999): Delaware.

INST. AUTHOR: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES; NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE ON CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT INFORMATION; NATIONAL CENTER FOR PROSECUTION OF CHILD ABUSE

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999

JOURNAL TITLE: Child Witnesses Number 23

SOURCE: In: Special Child Hearsay Exceptions

KEY TERMS: Statute; Delaware; Abuse; Child; Child Abuse; Child Abuse Cases; Criminal Child Abuse; Criminal; defendant; jurisdiction; Legislation; offense; Special Hearsay Exceptions; trauma

PUBLICATION TYPE: Statutes

INTERNET URL: http://www.ndaa-apri.org

TITLE: Child Abuse Crimes: Child Prostitution (Current through December 31, 1999): Colorado.

INST. AUTHOR: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES; NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE ON CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT INFORMATION; NATIONAL CENTER FOR PROSECUTION OF CHILD ABUSE

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999

JOURNAL TITLE: Crimes Number 31

SOURCE: In: Child Prostitution

KEY TERMS: Statute; Colorado; Abuse; Child; Child Abuse; Child Abuse Crimes; Child Prostitution; circumstances; conduct; offense; solicit

PUBLICATION TYPE: Statutes

INTERNET URL: http://www.ndaa-apri.org

TITLE: Child Abuse Crimes: Sexual Offenses (Current through December 31, 1999): New Mexico.

INST. AUTHOR: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES; NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE ON CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT INFORMATION; NATIONAL CENTER FOR PROSECUTION OF CHILD ABUSE

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999

JOURNAL TITLE: Crimes Number 35

SOURCE: In: Sexual Offenses

KEY TERMS: Statute; New Mexico; Abuse; Child; Child Abuse; Child Abuse Crimes; Criminal; first degree felony; penetration; second degree felony; third degree felony

PUBLICATION TYPE: Statutes

INTERNET URL: http://www.ndaa-apri.org

TITLE: Child Abuse Crimes: Sexual Offenses (Current through December 31, 1999): Utah.

INST. AUTHOR: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES; NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE ON CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT INFORMATION; NATIONAL CENTER FOR PROSECUTION OF CHILD ABUSE

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999

JOURNAL TITLE: Crimes Number 35

SOURCE: In: Sexual Offenses

KEY TERMS: Statute; Utah; Abuse; bodily injury; Child; Child Abuse; Child Abuse Crimes; circumstances; conduct; defendant; first degree felony; offense; penetration; position of special trust; Rape; second degree felony; Sexual abuse of a child; Sexual abuse; sexual assault; sexual conduct; sexual desire; Sodomy; third degree felony; youth

PUBLICATION TYPE: Statutes

INTERNET URL: http://www.ndaa-apri.org

TITLE: Sexual Deviance and Number of Older Brothers Among Sexual Offenders.

AUTHOR: Lalumiere, M. L.; Harris, G. T.; Quinsey, V. L.; Rice, M. E.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1998

JOURNAL TITLE: Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Penetanguishene Mental Health Center, Ontario (Canada).

SOURCE: 10(1): pp. 5-15; New York, NY, Plenum Publishing Corp., January 1998

ABSTRACT: This study tests the prediction that sexual preferences for prepubertal individuals and for nonconsenting, violent sexual activities are associated with a greater number of older brothers but not sisters using a one-group correlational design with identified sexual offenders. Phallometric data were gathered from 29 child molesters, 38 rapists, and 11 individuals who had offended against both children and adults. In all groups, a phallometric index of sexual deviance (i.e. a relative preference for children or for coercive sex) was positively correlated with the offenders' number of older brothers. These results suggest that the maternal immunosensitization hypothesis may explain some variations in male sexual preferences. 1 figure and numerous references. (Author abstract)

KEY TERMS: birth order; pedophilia; homosexuality; sex offenders; siblings

PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal Article

INTERNET URL: http://www.plenum.com

TITLE: Sexual Abuse, Sex Before Age 16, and High-Risk Behaviors of Young Females with Sexually Transmitted Diseases.

AUTHOR: Kenney, J. W.; Reinholtz, C.; Angelini, P. J.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1998

JOURNAL TITLE: JOGNN, Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Arizona State Univ., Tempe. Coll. of Nursing.

SOURCE: 27(1): pp. 54-63; Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses, Washington, DC., January-February 1998

ABSTRACT: This study compared the rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in young women who were sexually abused, sexually precocious, and engaged in high-risk behaviors with the rates of STDs in young women who had none of these experiences. The sample included 1,994 women ages 18-22 years from four different ethnic groups. The participants completed a questionnaire on their sexual history and high-risk behaviors, sexual abuse and age of occurrence, and health issues, including STDs. Chi-square analyses revealed that sexually, precocious women who also engaged in high-risk sexual behaviors were the most likely to have had an STD. The sequence of these events was not significant. High-risk sexual behaviors appeared to be a greater risk factor for STDs than sexual abuse or precocity. Young women who engage in high-risk sexual behaviors, such as sex on a first date or with a stranger, are at greater risk for acquiring STDs. Nurses must be advocates for sex education in high schools to inform teenagers about the dangers of high-risk behaviors and STDs, and to explain ways to handle sexual coercion and possible rape. 21 references and 4 tables. (Author abstract)

KEY TERMS: female victims; sexual abuse; sexual behavior; adolescents; venereal diseases

PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal Article

INTERNET URL: http://services.lww.com/services

TITLE: Acts of Childhood Sexual Abuse: An Empirically Derived Typology.

AUTHOR: Gold, S. N.; Swingle, J. M.; Hill, E. L.; Elfant, A. S.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1998

JOURNAL TITLE: Journal of Family Violence

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Nova Southeastern Univ., Fort Lauderdale, FL.

SOURCE: 13(3): pp. 233-242; New York, NY, Plenum Publishing Corp., September 1998

ABSTRACT: This article examines acts of childhood sexual abuse. A clinical sample of 165 women survivors in outpatient therapy was surveyed about whether their childhood sexual abuse included each of 17 sexual acts. Factor analysis of these acts was conducted. A typology of childhood sexual abuse acts consisting of 3 factors emerged. Inspection of the acts loading on each factor suggested that they differed primarily in terms of type of abuse of power implied by them rather than in the nature of the sexual behavior involved. The 3 factors were named Coerced Compliance (Coercion), Subjugation and Humiliation (Subjugation) and Invasive Objectification (Objectification). Implications for research, theory, and clinical practice, and the need for evaluating the generalizability of the typology to other subpopulations of survivors, are discussed. 21 references and 3 tables. (Author abstract modified)

KEY TERMS: adults abused as children; sexual abuse; female victims

PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal Article

INTERNET URL: http://www.plenum.com

TITLE: Sexually Abused Children's Perceptions of Sexual Abuse: An Exploratory Analysis and Comparison Across Ages.

AUTHOR: Miller-Perrin, C. L.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1998

JOURNAL TITLE: Journal of Child Sexual Abuse

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Pepperdine Univ., Malibu, CA.

SOURCE: 7(1): pp. 1-22; Binghamton, NY, Haworth Press, Inc., 1998

ABSTRACT: In this study, personal interviews were conducted with 42 sexually abused children ages 4 to 16 years. A projective vignette describing a sexually abusive incident was read to the children followed by a standard list of questions designed to measure cognitive dimensions associated with the trauma of sexual abuse. Overall, the abused children's responses were consistent with perceptions of betrayal, sexualization, secrecy pressure, and coercion with few perceptions of victim blame. Comparisons were made between the perceptions of two developmentally distinct age groups (4-8 and 10-12 year olds) and results indicated that younger children exhibited greater perceptions of victim blame than the older children. Older children, however, attributed a more negative self-concept to the vignette victim and responded with greater perceptions of coercion. The significance of the findings is discussed in terms of prevention and treatment implications. 4 tables, 34 references. (Author abstract)

KEY TERMS: sexual abuse; abused children; cognitive development; perception

PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal Article

INTERNET URL: http://www.haworthpressinc.com

TITLE: Childhood Maltreatment History as a Risk Factor for Sexual Harassment Among U.S. Army Soldiers.

AUTHOR: Rosen, L. N.; Martin, L.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1998

JOURNAL TITLE: Violence and Victims

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Walter Reed Army Inst. of Research, Washington, DC.

SOURCE: 13(3): pp. 269-286; New York, NY, Springer Publishing Co., Fall 1998

ABSTRACT: Four different types of childhood maltreatment were examined as predictors of unwanted sexual experiences and acknowledged sexual harassment among 1,051 male and 305 female active duty soldiers in the United States Army. Predictor variables included childhood sexual abuse, physical-emotional abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect. Three types of unwanted sexual experiences in the workplace were examined as outcome variables: gender harassment, unwanted sexual attention, and coercion. Both sexual and physical-emotional abuse during childhood were found to be predictors of unwanted sexual experiences and of acknowledged sexual harassment in the workplace. Among female soldiers, the most severe type of unwanted experience- coercion- was predicted only by childhood physical-emotional abuse. Among male soldiers, childhood sexual abuse was the strongest predictor of coercion. A greater variety of types of childhood maltreatment and adult sexual harassment were predictors of psychological well-being for soldiers of both genders. 36 references and 10 tables. (Author abstract)

KEY TERMS: adults abused as children; revictimization; child abuse research; risk factors; military personnel; predictor variables; sexual abuse; emotional neglect

PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal Article

TITLE: Interventions for Aggressive, Physically Abused Children: A Clinical Trial.

AUTHOR: Kolko, D. J.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1998

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Pittsburgh Univ., PA. Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic.

SOURCE: Pittsburgh Univ., PA. Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, 1998; 27 pp.

ABSTRACT: This paper evaluates the feasibility and efficacy of two complementary psychosocial interventions directed toward parents and children, through routine community services, for families with a physically abused child. The study provides an experimental evaluation of the impact of these programs in reducing aggression and coercive behavior by parents and child victims. Other objectives included documenting program impact on the sequalae of physical child abuse and to empirically identify the predictors of treatment outcome and client treatment interactions. Fifty-nine families were randomly assigned to one of two treatment conditions. Methodologies and treatment techniques are discussed. Problems and barriers are presented. While referencing limitations of the programs, benefits of the program are demonstrated, particularly for school-aged children and their parents in improving child, parent, and family functioning, and support their use in providing treatment to child victims and applying individual and family treatments that may impact high-risk parental behaviors. Numerous references.

KEY TERMS: physical abuse; aggressive behavior; clinical intervention; abusive parents; community based services

PUBLICATION TYPE: Final Report

TITLE: The Science and Ethics of Castration: Lessons From the Morse Case.

AUTHOR: Bailey, J. M.; Greenberg, A. S.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1998

JOURNAL TITLE: Northwestern University Law Review

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Northwestern Univ., Chicago, IL. Dept. of Psychology.

SOURCE: 92(4): pp. 1225-1245; University of Illinois, Champaign., Summer 1998

ABSTRACT: This chapter reviews empirical research about the effectiveness of castration and examines the ethics and appropriateness of reducing the sentences of chemically or surgically castrated sex offenders. This discussion cites evidence in support of the effectiveness of castration stemming from the removal of the motivation for reoffending. However, current research is limited due to the lack of experimental control groups, the heterogeneity among castrated offenders, and limited information about true rates of recidivism. An analysis of the ethical appropriateness of castration indicates that it would be acceptable as a demonstration of remorse and as a cost effective method for preventing recidivism. Objections to castration on the basis that it constitutes coercion are unfounded.

KEY TERMS: castration; sex offenders; recidivism; sentencing; drug therapy; ethics; therapeutic effectiveness; research reviews

PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal Article

INTERNET URL: http://www.press.uillinois.edu

TITLE: Legislation Regarding Definitions of Child Abuse and Neglect (Current through December 31, 1999): Alabama.

INST. AUTHOR: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES; NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE ON CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT INFORMATION

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1998

JOURNAL TITLE: Reporting Laws Number 1

SOURCE: In: Definitions of Child Abuse and Neglect

KEY TERMS: Statute; Alabama; Abuse; Child; Child Abuse; child abuse or neglect; conduct; Definition; Department; employment; Legislation; medical treatment; neglect; services; Sexual abuse; Sexual exploitation; treatment

PUBLICATION TYPE: Statutes

INTERNET URL: http://www.calib.com/nccanch

TITLE: Legislation Regarding Definitions of Child Abuse and Neglect (Current through December 31, 1999): Indiana.

INST. AUTHOR: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES; NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE ON CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT INFORMATION

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1998

JOURNAL TITLE: Reporting Laws Number 1

SOURCE: In: Definitions of Child Abuse and Neglect

KEY TERMS: Statute; Indiana; Abandon; Abandoned infant; Abuse; Adoptive grandparent; Adoptive parent; alcohol; bodily injury; Child; Child Abuse; child abuse or neglect; Child care worker; child in need of services; child's welfare; conduct; corporal punishment; Custodian; Definition; employment; incest; Indian; infant; juvenile; Legislation; medical treatment; neglect; offense; serious bodily injury; serious danger; services; sex offense; sexual conduct; sexual desire; Sexual intercourse; sibling; solicit; solicitation; Stepparent; treatment

PUBLICATION TYPE: Statutes

INTERNET URL: http://www.calib.com/nccanch

TITLE: Legislation Regarding Definitions of Child Abuse and Neglect (Current through December 31, 1999): New Hampshire.

INST. AUTHOR: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES; NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE ON CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT INFORMATION

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1998

JOURNAL TITLE: Reporting Laws Number 1

SOURCE: In: Definitions of Child Abuse and Neglect

KEY TERMS: Statute; New Hampshire; Abandon; Abuse; Abused child; Bureau; Child; Child Abuse; child abuse or neglect; Child care agency; child day care agency; Child placing agency; child's welfare; Children; circumstances; conduct; Court; Custodian; Definition; Department; Division; employment; Family; Foster home; Guardian; Household member; Household; Human Services; Imminent danger; impairment; incest; Institution; Institutional child abuse or neglect; jurisdiction; juvenile; Legal custody; Legal supervision; Legislation; neglect; Neglected child; out-of-home care; Parent; parental rights; practitioner; Probable cause; Protective custody; Protective supervision; relationship; Relative; residential care; services; Sexual abuse; treatment; Unfounded report

PUBLICATION TYPE: Statutes

INTERNET URL: http://www.calib.com/nccanch

TITLE: Legislation Regarding Definitions of Child Abuse and Neglect (Current through December 31, 1999): Pennsylvania.

INST. AUTHOR: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES; NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE ON CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT INFORMATION

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1998

JOURNAL TITLE: Reporting Laws Number 1

SOURCE: In: Definitions of Child Abuse and Neglect

KEY TERMS: Statute; Pennsylvania; Abuse; bodily injury; Child; Child Abuse; child's welfare; circumstances; conduct; county agency; Definition; Department; employment; Family member; Family; impairment; incest; Indicated report for school employee; Indicated report; Individual residing in the same home as the child; Legislation; neglect; Perpetrator; Person responsible for the child; Person responsible for the child's welfare; Recent acts or omissions; school employee; serious bodily injury; Serious mental injury; Serious physical injury; services; Sexual abuse or exploitation; Sexual abuse; sexual assault; Student; Subject; treatment; Unfounded report

PUBLICATION TYPE: Statutes

INTERNET URL: http://www.calib.com/nccanch

TITLE: Legislation Regarding the Use of Special Hearsay Exceptions for Criminal Child Abuse Cases (Current through December 31, 1999): Maryland.

INST. AUTHOR: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES; NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE ON CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT INFORMATION; NATIONAL CENTER FOR PROSECUTION OF CHILD ABUSE

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1998

JOURNAL TITLE: Child Witnesses Number 23

SOURCE: In: Special Child Hearsay Exceptions

KEY TERMS: Statute; Maryland; Abuse; Child; Child Abuse; Child Abuse Cases; Criminal Child Abuse; Criminal; defendant; juvenile; Legislation; neglect; offense; Special Hearsay Exceptions

PUBLICATION TYPE: Statutes

INTERNET URL: http://www.ndaa-apri.org

TITLE: Legislation Permitting a Support Person or a Child Advocate in the Courtroom in Criminal Child Abuse Cases (Current through December 31, 1999): California.

INST. AUTHOR: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES; NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE ON CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT INFORMATION; NATIONAL CENTER FOR PROSECUTION OF CHILD ABUSE

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1998

JOURNAL TITLE: Child Witnesses Number 26

SOURCE: In: Authorization for Special Support Persons in Criminal Child Abuse Proceedings

KEY TERMS: Statute; California; Abuse; Child; Child Abuse; Child Abuse Cases; conduct; Court; Courtroom; Criminal Child Abuse; Criminal; defendant; incest; Legislation; offense; sibling

PUBLICATION TYPE: Statutes

INTERNET URL: http://www.ndaa-apri.org

TITLE: Legislation Limiting the Length of a Child Victim's In-Court Testimony (Current through December 31, 1999): California.

INST. AUTHOR: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES; NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE ON CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT INFORMATION; NATIONAL CENTER FOR PROSECUTION OF CHILD ABUSE

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1998

JOURNAL TITLE: Child Witnesses Number 28

SOURCE: In: Special Procedures in Criminal Child Abuse Cases

KEY TERMS: Statute; California; Child; child's testimony; conduct; Court; defendant; incest; Legislation; Testimony

PUBLICATION TYPE: Statutes

INTERNET URL: http://www.ndaa-apri.org

TITLE: Preschool Antecedents of Adolescent Assaultive Behavior: A Longitudinal Study.

AUTHOR: Herrenkohl, R. C.; Egolf, B. P.; Herrenkohl, E. C.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1997

JOURNAL TITLE: American Journal of Orthopsychiatry

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, PA. Center for Social Research.

SOURCE: 67(3): pp. 422-432; American Orthopsychiatric Association, New York, NY, July 1997

ABSTRACT: This NCCAN-funded study followed preschool maltreated and nonmaltreated children over 16 years to identify their involvement in assaultive behavior as adolescents. Severity of the mother's physical and emotional discipline, neglect, and sexual abuse were examined, as well as the quality of the mother's interaction with the child. The study began with 457 children from 297 families and ended with 317 children. During the preschool phase of the study, mothers were interviewed and observed to rate discipline methods and interaction qualities. Sixteen years later, the children as adolescents were interviewed about their own deviant behavior, including involvement in a gang fight, hitting parents or others, intent to injure or kill others, sexual assault, or violent coercion. Severity of physical discipline, negative quality of the mother's interaction with the child, and the experience of sexual abuse were related to adolescent assaultive behavior. 38 references, 4 figures, and 2 tables. (Author abstract modified)

KEY TERMS: predictor variables; assault; aggressive behavior; adolescents; preschool children; mother child relationships; sequelae; longitudinal studies

PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal Article

TITLE: A Cognitive Behavioral Approach to Understanding and Treating Parents Who Physically Abuse Their Children.

AUTHOR: Azar, S. T.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1997

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Clark Univ., Worcester, MA. School of Psychology.

SOURCE: In: Wolfe, D. A.; McMahon, R. J.; and Peters, R. D. (Editors). Child Abuse: New Directions in Prevention and Treatment Across the Lifespan. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications, Inc., 1997; pp. 79-101

ABSTRACT: This chapter explains the cognitive-behavioral theory, a comprehensive framework for understanding the causes and effects of child abuse. The model focuses on the emotional relationship between parent and child as well as child behavior management. Parents with cognitive distortions have unrealistic expectations for their child's behavior and use negative, coercive techniques to control their child. These parents attribute responsibility for behavior inappropriately to the child and demonstrate a variety of interpersonal problems in their relationship with their child. Examples of parental statements that indicate the need for cognitive work include assumptions of mind reading, negative internal attributions, low self-efficacy, misattributions, negative self-schema, and discrimination failure. Treatment based on the cognitive-behavioral model attempts to enhance the thought processes of parents to appropriately interpret and respond emotionally to child behavior. Empirical evidence in support of the model and application to parent training programs are discussed. 66 references and 2 tables.

KEY TERMS: characteristics of abuser; behavior therapy; cognitive development; etiology; physical abuse; parental therapy; parenting skills; attachment

PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter in Book

INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com/

TITLE: Pornography and the Organization of Intra- and Extrafamilial Child Sexual Abuse: A Conceptual Model.

AUTHOR: Itzin, C.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1997

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Sunderland Univ. (Great Britain). School of Social and International Studies.

SOURCE: In: Kantor, G. K. and Jasinski, J. L. (Editors). Out of the Darkness: Contemporary Perspectives on Family Violence. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications, Inc., 1997; pp. 58-79

ABSTRACT: This chapter examines the relationship between pornography and child sexual abuse. Emphasis is placed on organized sexual abuse, such as ritual abuse, pedophile networks, family-based abuse, and institutional abuse. A case study illustrates the characteristics of pornography-related sexual abuse, including gender, generational patterns of abuse, coercion and compliance, pornography and prostitution, and preparation for extrafamilial abuse. The case history traces the typical progression of organized abuse from incest to sharing the child within the family; sharing children outside the family; sexual abuse by individuals known to the child and by strangers; selling children outside the family; making and selling pornography; national and international traffic in children for prostitution and pornography; and sexualizing and predisposing the children to prostitution, adult pornography, and revictimization. Implications for child protection are discussed. 74 references and 2 figures.

KEY TERMS: pornography; sexual abuse; incest; etiology; multiperpetrator cases; social attitudes; research reviews; case studies

PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter in Book

INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com/

TITLE: Not Just a Conjured Afterthought: Using Duress as a Defense for Battered Women Who Fail to Protect.

AUTHOR: Skinazi, H. R.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1997

JOURNAL TITLE: California Law Review

SOURCE: 85(4): pp. 993-1042; California Univ., Berkeley. Boalt Hall School of Law, July 1997

ABSTRACT: This article examines why courts are reluctant to accept a duress defense when prosecuting a battered women for failing to protect her children, while they are favorable toward a self-defense argument for battered women who kill their abusers. The article contends that the asymmetrical treatment of the reasonable person standard in these defenses leads to such strikingly different results. Duress uses a purely objective approach to reasonableness which excludes evidence crucial to demonstrate the reasonableness of a defendant's choices. In comparison, self-defense uses a hybrid objective-subjective approach to reasonableness which ensures that the jury fully understands the totality of the defendant's actions from her own perspective before the jury is asked to determine how a reasonable person would have behaved in those same circumstances. However, there appears to be no logical basis for applying different standards of reasonableness to these doctrines. Therefore, duress should adopt a hybrid approach that resembles self-defense. The article describes this modification, showing how it could accommodate a defendant who had a reasonable perception of coercion, but one that could only be understood given her experience of prior battering as the totality of the circumstances. (Author abstract)

KEY TERMS: battered women; mothers of abuse victims; nonabusive parents; criminal charges; defense; self defense

PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal Article

INTERNET URL: http://simon592-4.law.berkeley.edu/

TITLE: A Discipline-Mediated Model of Excessively Punitive Parenting.

AUTHOR: Greenwald, R. L.; Bank, L.; Reid, J. B.; Knutson, J. F.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1997

JOURNAL TITLE: Aggressive Behavior

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Oregon State Social Learning Center, Eugene.

SOURCE: 23: pp. 259-280; New York, NY, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1997

ABSTRACT: This study developed and compared several mediated and direct-effects models proposed to link well-established correlates of physical child abuse to excessively punitive parenting in a population-based sample of 206 families recruited from high-risk areas of a medium-sized metropolitan area. Parents were classified as exhibiting excessively punitive parenting based on home observations and parent reports of the use of physical punishment strategies other than spanking. The study hypothesized that the levels of child coerciveness, parent irritability, and family stress would be mediated by disruptions in parent discipline in predicting excessively punitive parenting toward the child. Structural equation methodology was employed to test the hypothesized and alternative models. Results consistently supported the powerful mediational role of discipline in the hypothesized model over alternative models that posited separate, direct effects of child coerciveness, parent irritability, and parent stress on excessively punitive parenting behavior. Results are discussed in terms of the need for further examination of parenting behavior, as well as parents' perceptions of affective reactions to parent-child interactions in the occurrence of physical abuse. 77 references, 7 figures, and 3 tables. (Author abstract)

KEY TERMS: discipline; parental behavior; theories; parenting skills; parent child relationships

PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal Article

INTERNET URL: http://www.interscience.wiley.com

TITLE: Ethnic Differences in Childhood and Adolescent Sexual Abuse and Teenage Pregnancy.

AUTHOR: Kenney, J. W.; Reinholtz, C.; Angelini, P. J.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1997

JOURNAL TITLE: Journal of Adolescent Health

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Arizona State Univ., Tempe. College of Nursing.

SOURCE: 21(1): pp. 3-10; New York, NY, Elsevier Science, Inc., July 1997

ABSTRACT: More than 1,900 women between 18 and 22 years old were surveyed for this study of ethnic differences in childhood and adolescent sexual abuse and the effect of sexual abuse on teenage pregnancy rates. The 20-page questionnaire obtained information about women's sexual and pregnancy history, high-risk behaviors, and sexual abuse, based on a modified version of the Koss and Oros Sexual Experiences Survey. Women representing four ethnic groups (Anglo, African American, Mexican American, and American Indian) completed an English or Spanish version of the questionnaire. Almost 36 percent of the women reported sexual abuse before age 18, and more than 26 percent were pregnant before reaching 18 years old. Compared with their nonabused peers, twice as many women who were coerced into sex or raped had a teenage pregnancy. Minority group teens were more likely than Anglos to have a teenage pregnancy and to have been coerced into having sex, rather than raped, prior to teenage pregnancy. Coercive sexual abuse is more likely to contribute to teenage pregnancy among minority group teens, whereas rape is more likely to contribute to teenage pregnancy among Anglos. 28 references and 3 tables. (Author abstract)

KEY TERMS: sexual abuse; adolescent pregnancy; ethnic differences; incidence; sequelae; american indians; african americans; mexican americans

PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal Article

TITLE: What Happens When Cyberspace Is Used to Lure Children Into Sexual Relations: A Brief Look at Important Federal Venue Provisions.

AUTHOR: Cobb, J. A.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1997

JOURNAL TITLE: Family Law Quarterly

SOURCE: 31(3): pp. 597-611; Chicago, IL, American Bar Association, Fall 1997

ABSTRACT: This article analyzes federal venue issues concerning child sexual abuse crimes which occur or are initiated by computer communication (or cyberspace). It discusses federal legislation that most commonly evoke venue issues dealing with sexual abuse crimes committed across State Lines, in particular the White Slave Traffic Act. This Act may be the only existing federal statute that can effectively deal with online sexual abuse crimes. A hypothetical scenario is used to illustrate the relationship between the White Slave Traffic Act, venue, and online sexual abuse crimes. The hypothetical specifically reviews the issues of coercion and enticement, transportation of a minor, and special venue considerations under various federal laws. The article concludes that the continuing advances in technology and computer sciences make it easier to commit crimes against children. Certain federal laws are examples of existing laws that are applicable to new crimes such as online crimes against children. An analysis of what these laws provide will help in the successful prosecution of the growing number of crimes against children occurring in the border-less world of cyberspace. Numerous references.

KEY TERMS: communication; sexual abuse; federal laws

PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal Article

TITLE: Protecting Children or Punishing Mothers: Gender, Race, and Class in the Child Protection System.

AUTHOR: Appell, A. R.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1997

JOURNAL TITLE: South Carolina Law Review

SOURCE: 48(3): pp. 577-613; South Carolina Univ., Columbia. School of Law, Spring 1997

ABSTRACT: This article addresses the policies, practices, and perspectives that help to fuel the industry that has arisen from the State's involvement with poor families and families of color, and the State's punitive treatment of the mothers of these families. The author challenges the rationale behind the punitive treatment of these mothers and the State's protective scheme--that it is good for children. Because the State's reasons for both initial and continuing intervention are ill-defined and maternally focused, State intervention often fails to meet children's basic needs of love, stability, continuity, and timely determination of legal status. The first part of the article describes the legal and bureaucratic framework of coercive State intervention and how the State directs its actions based largely on the gender, race, and class, of parents. Part 2 focuses on examples of gender bias in child protection proceedings. The illustrations unfold first by presenting objective indicators of how women are singled out for their behavior or status and then by presenting a more subjective picture of how women and their families experience intervention. Part 3 points out shared failings of the various child protection systems. Lastly, part 4 addresses some of the bureaucratic and legal factors that help perpetuate biased and punitive systems and explores some suggestions for improvement. Numerous references.

KEY TERMS: child protection; intervention; race; social class; indicators

PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal Article

INTERNET URL: http://www.wshein.com

TITLE: Mother-Child Interactional Patterns in High- and Low-Risk Mothers.

AUTHOR: Dolz, L.; Cerezo, M. A.; Milner, J. S.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1997

JOURNAL TITLE: Child Abuse and Neglect

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Valencia Univ., (Spain). Dept.of Psychology.

SOURCE: 21(12): pp. 1149-1158; Elsevier Science Ltd., New York, NY., December 1997

ABSTRACT: This goal of this study was to determine the extent to which mother-child interactional patterns in high- and low-risk (for child physical abuse) mothers were similar to patterns observed in physically abusive parents. Ten high-risk and 10 demographically similar low-risk mother-child dyads were studied. Trained observers coded maternal-child interaction patterns in the home during five 1-hour periods using the Standardized Observation Codes system. As expected, high-risk mothers made fewer neutral approaches to their children, displayed more negative behaviors toward their children, and made more indiscriminant responses to their children's prosocial behavior. Expected risk group differences were not found in the number of neutral instructions of positive responses, albeit the proportion of positive responses out of the total number of positive and negative responses was higher for low-risk mothers. After control for educational differences, risk group differences remained in the rates of neutral approaches and the number of indiscriminant behaviors made in response to children's prosocial behaviors. The observational data indicated that high-risk mothers display some behaviors similar to those observed in physically abusive mothers. The finding that high-risk mothers made more indiscriminate or noncontingent responses when reacting to the children's prosocial behavior is consistent with a coercive model of child physical abuse. 39 references and 2 tables. (Author abstract)

KEY TERMS: mother child relationships; interpersonal relationships; characteristics of abuser; parental behavior; high risk groups; families at risk; predictor variables; child abuse research

PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal Article

TITLE: Legislation Regarding Definitions of Child Abuse and Neglect (Current through December 31, 1999): Rhode Island.

INST. AUTHOR: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES; NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE ON CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT INFORMATION

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1997

JOURNAL TITLE: Reporting Laws Number 1

SOURCE: In: Definitions of Child Abuse and Neglect

KEY TERMS: Statute; Rhode Island; Abandon; Abuse; Abused and/or neglected child; alcohol; Child; Child Abuse; child abuse or neglect; Child protective investigator; child's welfare; Children; circumstances; corporal punishment; Definition; Department; drugs; Institution; Institutional child abuse and neglect; Law enforcement agency; Legislation; Mental injury; neglect; offense; out-of-home care; penetration; Physician; Probable cause; treatment

PUBLICATION TYPE: Statutes

INTERNET URL: http://www.calib.com/nccanch

TITLE: Legislation Regarding the Use of Special Hearsay Exceptions for Criminal Child Abuse Cases (Current through December 31, 1999): Oregon.

INST. AUTHOR: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES; NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE ON CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT INFORMATION; NATIONAL CENTER FOR PROSECUTION OF CHILD ABUSE

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1997

JOURNAL TITLE: Child Witnesses Number 23

SOURCE: In: Special Child Hearsay Exceptions

KEY TERMS: Statute; Oregon; Abuse; Child; Child Abuse; Child Abuse Cases; circumstances; conduct; Criminal Child Abuse; Criminal; Legislation; sexual conduct; Special Hearsay Exceptions; trauma

PUBLICATION TYPE: Statutes

INTERNET URL: http://www.ndaa-apri.org

TITLE: Adolescents with Mental Retardation: Perceptions of Sexual Abuse.

AUTHOR: Podell, D. M.; Kastner, J.; Kastner, S.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1996

JOURNAL TITLE: American Journal of Orthopsychiatry

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Staten Island College, New York, NY. Dept. of Education.

SOURCE: 66(1): pp. 103-110; American Orthopsychiatric Association, New York, NY, January 1996

ABSTRACT: This article describes a study that explored the relationship between mental retardation and perceptions of sexual abuse and responsibility. Reactions of 132 nonretarded female undergraduates to sexually coercive situations in which neither, one, or both protagonists had mental retardation were examined. Results indicate that retardation affected perceptions of both responsibility and harm. Adolescent males with mental retardation were perceived as being less responsible for their actions in a sexual situation than were their nonretarded counterparts. Perceived responsibility of the adolescent mentally retarded girl was also less, but only when her behavior was encouraging or passive. However, when the girl resisted the sexual encounter, there was no difference in the level of responsibility that respondents attributed to her relative to the presence or absence of mental retardation. Results suggest that the level of responsibility attributed to individuals in sexual situations is mediated by the retardation of participants and by their behavior. Implications for the education of mental health professionals about the emotional needs of individuals with retardation are discussed. 27 references and 2 tables. (Author abstract modified)

KEY TERMS: adolescents; sexual abuse; mental retardation; victim blaming; attitudes; child abuse research

PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal Article

TITLE: Child Physical Abuse.

AUTHOR: Kolko, D. J.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1996

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Pittsburgh Univ. Medical Center, PA. Dept. of Psychiatry.

SOURCE: In: Briere, J., Berliner, L., Bulkley, J. A., Jenny, C., et al. (Editors). The APSAC Handbook on Child Maltreatment. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications, Inc., January 1996; pp. 21-50

ABSTRACT: This chapter reviews studies and clinical reports on the conceptualization, characteristics, assessment, and treatment of physical abuse. Prevalence and incidence rates for physical abuse are presented. The contribution of various child, parental, and family system characteristics to the etiology of abuse is discussed. Child characteristics include health problems, temperament, and behavioral and emotional deviance. Parental characteristics include a childhood history of abuse, personality and psychiatric disturbances, cognitive style, behavioral functioning, and biological factors. Family system characteristics include coercive parent-child interactions, poor family relationships, and other contextual and social system variables. The consequences of physical abuse are described, including health problems; developmental, intellectual, or cognitive-attributional deficits; affective symptoms; behavioral dysfunction; and poor academic performance. Promising approaches to treating child maltreatment are reviewed, including child skills training; behavioral parent training; in-home, family-based services; and multifaceted interventions. The practice implications of the research findings on physical abuse are considered. Unresolved issues in the areas of models of physical abuse, consequences, and treatment are addressed. Future directions for research are also suggested. Numerous references.

KEY TERMS: physical abuse; incidence; prevalence; etiology; characteristics of abused; characteristics of abuser; sequelae; intervention

PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter in Book

INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com

TITLE: Sexual Offenders' Modus Operandi: A Comparison of Structured Interview and Questionnaire Approaches.

AUTHOR: Kaufman, K. L.; Hilliker, D. R.; Lathrop, P.; Daleiden, E. L.; Rudy, L.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1996

JOURNAL TITLE: Journal of Interpersonal Violence

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Ohio State Univ., Columbus.

SOURCE: 11(1): pp. 19-34; Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications, Inc., March 1996

ABSTRACT: Clinical practice has long supported the use of structured interviews with both perpetrators and victims of sexual offenses. Empirical studies, however, have not examined the differential utility of structured interviews and self-report questionnaires for obtaining information about sex offenders' modus operandi. This investigation compared the ability of these two assessment approaches to provide details regarding sexual offenders' modus operandi from the perspective of victims, incarcerated offenders, and offenders in outpatient treatment. The sample included 16 sex offenders involved in outpatient treatment, 16 incarcerated sex offenders, and 16 preadolescent and adolescent female victims. Study findings indicated that structured interviews and questionnaires yielded consistent information for most items across participant groups. For modus operandi items that were not consistently reported, more information was obtained via the questionnaire format. In one instance, however, the interview format obtained significantly more information about incarcerated offenders' use of threats and coercion to gain victim cooperation in sexual activity. Implications for child sexual abuse prevention, offender and victim treatment, and future research are discussed.29 references and 4 tables. (Author abstract modified)

KEY TERMS: sex offenders; sex offenses; methods; psychological evaluation; evaluation methods; psychological interviews; self report inventories

PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal Article

INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com

TITLE: Family Violence from a Communication Perspective.

AUTHOR: Cahn, D. D.; Lloyd, S. A.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1996

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: State Univ. of New York, New Paltz. Dept. of Communication.

SOURCE: Newbury Park, CA, Sage Publications, Inc., April 1996; 295 pp.

ABSTRACT: This book presents a theoretical framework for understanding and resolving abusive interactions among family members. Differences and commonalities inherent in emotional, psychological, verbal, and sexual abuse and the role that communication problems plays in the etiology of these forms of abuse are examined. In this collection of papers, the contributors review studies on family violence that illustrate the communication dimension of abusive relationships, identify conditions under which coercive communication leads to physical aggression, and address the question of whether spouse abuse is associated with patterns of impaired parenting. Other topics include parent-to-child verbal aggression; communication patterns in families of adolescent sex offenders; communication and violence in courtship relationships; the associations among daily marital interaction, physical aggression, and marital distress; the role of communication in verbal abuse between spouses; and communication patterns differentiating aggressive and nonaggressive marital couples. Numerous references, 5 figures, and 12 tables.

KEY TERMS: family violence; communication; spouse abuse; physical abuse; family relationships

PUBLICATION TYPE: Book

INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com

TITLE: Professionals and Their Response to Child Abuse.

AUTHOR: Wallace, H.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1996

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: California State Univ., Fresno.

SOURCE: In: Wallace, H. Family Violence: Legal, Medical, and Social Perspectives. Boston, MA, Allyn and Bacon, 1996; pp. 133-160

ABSTRACT: This chapter describes what professionals are required to do when they suspect that a child has been abused. Most states have child abuse reporting laws that mandate reporting by physicians, nurses, social workers, teachers, psychologists, psychiatrists, and counselors. These professionals must report their suspicion to the applicable social service agency. Most state laws waive the confidential privilege, allowing the professional to make a report. The laws also provide for timely investigation and emergency removal of the child from home. Interviews with children should be conducted so that evidence collected may be used in court. Open-ended questions should be asked rather than leading or coercive questions. Professionals should also be aware of rules of evidence regarding out of court statements and exceptions to the hearsay rule. Certain statements may be admitted into court if they meet the requirements for excited utterances, admissions, declarations against interest, state of mind, statements made to medical professionals, and statements made by victims of abuse. Investigations involve input from medical professionals, education professionals, social services, law enforcement, and the family. The chapter reviews the hearing process and provides sample reporting forms. Key terms are defined and a list of discussion questions are included. 2 figures and 1 table.

KEY TERMS: child abuse reporting; interviews; evidence collection; confidentiality; investigations; legal processes

PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter in Book

INTERNET URL: http://www.abacon.com

TITLE: Unspeakable Acts: Why Men Sexually Abuse Children.

AUTHOR: Pryor, D. W.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1996

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Towson State Univ., MD. Dept. of Sociology.

SOURCE: New York, NY, New York Univ. Press, 1996; 362 pp.

ABSTRACT: This book describes a study that used in-depth interviews with 30 men who molested their own children or the children of people they knew to determine how and why sexual situations between adults and children occur. The author begins by explaining how he recruited subjects for the study. Following that is an exploration of the early lives of offenders that served as the foundation for the boundary violations that they later committed. Common early life experiences that appeared to contribute to later sexual offending include genital sexual contact before age 16 with an older individual, incest or sex with force by age 13 with age peers, and nonsexual physical violence perpetrated mainly by parents. Factors that appeared to contribute to the men's transition to sexual offending include a dissatisfaction with life or feeling of being trapped in an unwanted life, deteriorating sexual relations with their partner, a loss of control and authority in their role as husband/partner or father, a personal engulfment in sex, and major emotional shocks or sexual problems. Types of transitional, reality-shifting experiences that the men experienced prior to their molestation of a child are described, including noticing and erotizing the body of their victim, reacting to perceived sexual cues, selecting an easy target, becoming curious about biological changes, merging or confusing feelings of affection with sex, getting aroused from nonsexual touching, and targeting a child out of anger toward another person. The methods and tactics the men used to initiate and continue sexual contact with their victims are presented. The most common tactics used to initiate offending included seducing and testing their victim, masking sex in the context of play, using verbal and emotional coercion, and taking over after the victim initiated sexual contact. The author then examines how offenders viewed the abuse and coped with their feelings afterward and describes the unsuccessful attempts many offenders made to stop their behavior and the different ways they were caught. The book concludes with an interactionist-based theory about why sexual offending occurs. Appendixes provide additional information related to the study. Numerous references and 1 table.

KEY TERMS: sexual abuse; sex offenders; incest; characteristics of abuser; prevention; child abuse research; pedophiles

PUBLICATION TYPE: Book

INTERNET URL: http://www.nyu.edu/pages/nyupress/index.html

TITLE: Female Adolescents With a History of Sexual Abuse: Risk Outcome and Protective Factors.

AUTHOR: Chandy, J. M.; Blum, R. W.; Resnick, M. D.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1996

JOURNAL TITLE: Journal of Interpersonal Violence

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Missouri Univ., Columbia. School of Social Work.

SOURCE: 11(4): pp. 503-518; Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications, Inc., December 1996

ABSTRACT: This article describes a study that explored the protective factors that helped adolescent females overcome vulnerability associated with sexual abuse. The study was framed around the issues of whether female adolescents with a history of sexual abuse were different from other adolescents in terms of academic performance, suicidal risk, eating disorders, pregnancy risk, and substance abuse and what factors were associated with resistance to adverse outcomes. Data for the study were derived from the Adolescent Health Survey conducted in Minnesota during the 1986 to 1987 school year with a sample of over 36,000 7th to 12th grade public school students. This survey used a comprehensive instrument that included questions on health risk behaviors such as substance use, disordered eating, delinquency, and antisocial behaviors; mental health; sexual attitudes; orientation and behaviors; health status; health services utilization; and peer, school, and family relationships. The subsample of adolescents with a history of sexual abuse included 1,011 female adolescents who reported that they had been sexually abused and had discussed the problem with someone. Results indicate that female adolescents with a history of sexual abuse had higher rates of poor school performance, suicidal involvement, disordered eating, pregnancy risk, and substance use than a comparison group of adolescents without a background of abuse. Among index group members, protective factors against adverse outcome included a higher degree of religiosity, a perception of health, caring from adults, living with both biological parents, and the presence of a clinic or nurse at school. Risk factors that increased the likelihood of adverse outcomes included perceived substance use in school, maternal use of alcohol, family stressor events during the past year, and worry about sexual coercion. 54 references and 3 tables. (Author abstract modified)

KEY TERMS: child abuse history; sexual abuse; adolescents; child abuse research; outcomes; resilience; female victims; risk

PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal Article

INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com

TITLE: Acts of Childhood Sexual Abuse: An Empirically Derived Typology.

AUTHOR: Gold, S. N.; Swingle, J. M.; Hill, E. L.; Elfant, A. S.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1996

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Nova Southeastern Univ.

SOURCE: Presented at 104th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Toronto (Canada), August 9-13, 1996; 10 pp.

ABSTRACT: A clinical sample of 165 women survivors in outpatient therapy was surveyed about whether their childhood sexual abuse (CSA) included each of seventeen sexual acts. Factor analysis of these acts was conducted. A typology of CSA acts consisting of three factors emerged. Inspection of the acts loading on each factor suggested that they differed primarily in terms of the type of abuse of power implied by them rather than in the nature of the sexual behavior involved. The three factors were named Coerced Compliance (Coercion), Subjugation and Humiliation (Circumvention), and Invasive Objectification (Objectification). Implications for research, theory, and clinical practice, and the need for evaluating the generalizability of the typology to other sub-populations of survivors are discussed. 26 references and 3 tables. (Author abstract)

KEY TERMS: sexual abuse; etiology; sex offenses; sexual behavior; research methodology; female victims

PUBLICATION TYPE: Proceedings Paper

TITLE: Prosecuting Battered Mothers: State Laws' Failure to Protect Battered Women and Abused Children.

AUTHOR: Enos, V. P.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1996

JOURNAL TITLE: Harvard Women's Law Journal

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Northeastern Univ., Boston, MA. School of Law.

SOURCE: 19: pp. 229-268; Harvard Law School, Cambridge. MA, Spring 1996

ABSTRACT: This article examines the application of state failure-to- protect laws to prosecute battered mothers who are not capable of protecting their children or themselves from abuse. The essay recommends that legislators and the courts consider the dynamics of violent family relationships when determining whether mothers have failed to protect their children. Factors that affect a woman's ability to protect her children include threats and coercion by the abuser, escalated violence when the woman reports abuse, social isolation, and lack of public assistance. The article summarizes state failure-to-protect statutes and reviews their implementation by the courts. Myths and realities about domestic violence are highlighted, as well as the lack of support for battered women from police, Child Protective Services, and health care services. The article recommends that society accept single parent families and offer greater assistance to battered mothers. Significant changes are needed in the service delivery system, judicial system, law enforcement, health care, and child welfare system, including coordination of services and education and training for professionals.

KEY TERMS: state statutory law; state case law; battered women; criminal charges; mothers of abuse victims; nonabusive parents

PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal Article

INTERNET URL: http://www.law.harvard/studorgs/woman_law_journal/

TITLE: The Revised Conflict Tactic Scales (CTS2).

AUTHOR: Straus, M. A.; Hamby, S. L.; Boney-McCoy, S.; Sugarman, D. B.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1996

JOURNAL TITLE: Journal of Family Issues

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: New Hampshire Univ., Durham. Family Research Laboratory.

SOURCE: 17(3): pp. 283-316; Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications, Inc., May 1996

ABSTRACT: This article describes a revised Conflict Tactics Scales (the CTS2) to measure psychological and physical attacks on a partner and use of negotiation in a marital, cohabiting, or dating relationship. The CTS2 has additional items to enhance content validity and reliability; revised wording to increase clarity and specificity; better differentiation between minor and severe levels of each scale; new scales to measure sexual coercion and physical injury; and a new format to simplify administration and reduce response sets. Reliability ranges from .79 to .95. There is preliminary evidence of construct validity. 74 references and 5 tables. (Author abstract)

KEY TERMS: evaluation methods; psychological evaluation; characteristics of abuser; marital conflicts; spouse abuse; family violence; conflict tactics scales; reliability; validity

PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal Article

INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com

TITLE: Administration, Power and Kids in Group Care.

AUTHOR: Terpstra, J.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1996

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Children's Bureau (DHHS), Washington, DC.

SOURCE: Children's Bureau (DHHS), Washington, DC, October 1996; 17 pp.

ABSTRACT: This paper reviews the use and misuse of authority and how this relates to the success of residential child care programs. Questions pertaining to, What is control or power?, What is its source?, and How is it exercised? are addressed. Issues related to power and the subsequent affects on the program and the service it provides is provided by reviewing the following topics. Two types of power are reviewed, coercive power and influence power. Basic considerations for selecting staff are reviewed, including full-disclosure of the employer and prospective applicant, spending time with potential co-workers in the work environment, and hiring without concern of someone being over qualified. Principles involved in dealing with existing staff are provided. Influences of personal interests, sparkplugs, hierarchical organization, and supervision are discussed. The qualities and effects of charismatic leaders are discussed with regard to abuse of power and use of political support. Three fundamental characteristics of a healthy, or therapeutic, group-care atmosphere are described, including the importance that children are individualized according to assessed needs, behavior, and circumstances; the importance of staff and program valuing the children's families and finding constructive ways to involve them; and positive relations between children and staff. Preventive measures and remedies for alleviating the abuse of authority are reviewed, specifically the encouragement of staff expressing their ideas and concerns without fear of retaliation, shared decision making, and staff opportunities for skill development and self-improvement. Recommendations for fighting the tendency to become an autocratic leader are discussed, such as administering an open, non-secretive program; using mentors; and using recognized standards for program development.

KEY TERMS: residential programs; control; administrative problems; organizations; environment; authoritarian personality

PUBLICATION TYPE: Unpublished Paper

INTERNET URL: http://www.calib.com/nccanch/

TITLE: Early Sexual Experiences: How Voluntary? How Violent? //Sexuality and American Social Policy: A Seminar Series//.

AUTHOR: Smith, M. D.; Besharov, D. J.; Gardiner, K. N.; Hoff, T.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1996

SOURCE: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, Menlo Park, CA, 1996; 58 pp.

ABSTRACT: This booklet explores sexuality and sexual relationships to consider the prevalence and consequences of abusive and negative first sexual experiences. Data are presented from the 1994 National Health and Social Life survey that suggests violent or coercive first sexual experiences are more common than had been previously believed, particularly among young adolescents. More than 3,400 people participated in the survey, which included a 90-minute in-person interview. Interviewers asked about the full complement of sexual activities, what people think about their sexuality, and what they do as sexual beings. Potentially embarrassing questions about sexuality and unpleasant experiences were raised in two ways: through face- to-face interviews and self-administered questionnaires. While in many areas there was agreement between answers to the two sets of questions, 20 percent more people reported on the questionnaire that they had experienced forced sex. Experts on sexuality and sexual relationships debate the prevalence and consequences of these abusive first sexual experiences. 3 figures, 15 tables, numerous references.

KEY TERMS: sexual behavior; statistical surveys; surveys; attitudes; violence; values

PUBLICATION TYPE: Booklet

TITLE: Childhood Sexual Abuse and Coercive Sex Among School-Based Adolescents in a Midwestern State.

AUTHOR: Lodico, M. A.; Gruber, E.; DiClemente, R. J.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1996

JOURNAL TITLE: Journal of Adolescent Health

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Bayview Hunter's Point Foundation, San Francisco, CA.

SOURCE: 18(3): pp. 211-217; New York, NY, Elsevier Science, Inc., March 1996

ABSTRACT: This article examines the association between a self-reported history of childhood sexual abuse and coercive sex among high school adolescents. A 10 percent random sample of the white and all the African American and Native American 9th and 12th grade students of a Midwestern state completed a state-wide anonymous survey of risk-taking behavior in 1989. The study identified a 10 percent of prevalence of sexual abuse. Females were 4 times more likely to report sexual abuse than males, while Native Americans and African Americans were approximately twice as likely as whites to report sexual abuse. Sexually abused adolescents were 5 times more likely to report any type of coercive sex with a friend or date than their nonabused peers. Specifically, compared to nonabused peers, sexually abused adolescents were twice as likely to report sexual aggression, and 6 times more likely to report sexual victimization and the co-occurrence of sexual aggression and victimization. Both by victimizing and being revictimized, sexually abused adolescents perpetuate their abusive experience. Adolescent health care providers should assess patients for sexually coercive behavior if they report sexual abuse and assess adolescents who report current sexually coercive behavior for childhood sexual abuse. 21 references and 4 tables. (Author abstract modified)

KEY TERMS: sexual abuse; surveys; adolescents; aggression; revictimization

PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal Article

TITLE: The Effects of Forced Sexual Intercourse on White Female Adolescents.

AUTHOR: Miller, B. C.; Monson, B. H.; Norton, M. C.

PUBLICATION YEAR: 1995

JOURNAL TITLE: Child Abuse and Neglect

AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Utah State Univ., Logan. Dept. of Family and Human Development.

SOURCE: 19(10): pp. 1289-1301; Oxford (Great Britain), Elsevier Science, Ltd., October 1995

ABSTRACT: This study analyzed data from the 1987 National Survey of Children, in which 41 white females aged 18-22 reported that they had been forced to have sex or were raped. These subjects were compared to 400 other white females aged 18-22 who also responded to the survey but did not report forced sexual intercourse. The groups were compared on a number of social- psychological and sexual variables that might be thought of as outcomes affected by having had coercive sexual experiences. Those who reported being forced to have sexual intercourse, compared to those who did not, had more permissive attitudes about 16-17 year olds having intercourse and a younger age of first voluntary sexual intercourse themselves. They also had lower internal locus of control and higher depression scores, and they needed and received more psychological help than those not reporting forced sexual intercourse. Dividing the forced sexual intercourse (FSI) group into those reporting FSI before versus after their first date, and those whose FSI was before versus after age 12, yielded essentially the same findings. Even in the presence of multivariate control variables, FSI experience remained a significant predictor of age at first voluntary sexual intercourse, locus of control, depression, and perceived need for psychological help. These analyses of national survey data support the clinical perspective that forced sexual intercourse causes or exacerbates various sexual and psychological problems. 34 references and 6 tables. (Author abstract)