TITLE: Media
Impact on Biased Perceptual Processing of Threat-Relevant Imagery Among Patients Who Recovered Memory of Childhood Sexual
Abuse Prior to the Onset of Treatment.
AUTHOR: Leavitt,
F.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
JOURNAL TITLE: Journal
of Child Sexual Abuse
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Rush
Medical Coll., Chicago, IL. Dept. of Psychology.
SOURCE: 8(4):
pp. 91-102; Haworth Press, Inc.,
Binghamton, NY., 1999; p. 570
ABSTRACT: Several
recent studies have indicated that patients who report a history of sexual
abuse on the basis of recovered or delayed recall of memory process Rorschach
stimuli in ways that substantially deviate from non-abused patients. They +;
exhibited sensitivity to threat-relevant imagery that
was highly similar to the biased perceptual processing found among patients
with continuously held memories of sexual abuse. In the present study,
perceptual processing of threat-relevant imagery was +;
examined as an artifact of media exposure in 40 patients who recovered memories
of childhood sexual abuse as adults and in 40 patients who were not sexually
abused. The two patient samples were divided into high and low media groups on
the basis of a +; composite measure of media exposure. The results indicated
that information gained from media exposure was unrelated to patients responses
to Rorschach stimuli. Recovered memory patients produced threat-relevant imagery that is reminiscent of trauma +; irrespective of the level
of media exposure; non-abused patients did not. That this imagery remained essentially unnoticed by even the most active
consumers of the sexual abuse media among non-abused patients suggests that the
popular media does not play+; a contagious role in the perceptual process of
threat-relevant imagery. 23 references and 3 tables. (Author
abstract)
KEY TERMS: memory; repression;
adults abused as children;
sexual abuse; sequelae; psychological evaluation; mass media;
child abuse research
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.haworthpressinc.com
TITLE: Child
Pornography Prevention Act of 1996: Confronting the Challenges of Virtual
Reality.
AUTHOR: Lee, L.
W.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
JOURNAL TITLE: Southern
California Interdisciplinary Law Journal
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: University
of Southern California, Los Angeles.
SOURCE: 8(2):
pp. 639-681; University of Southern
California, Los Angeles. Gould School of Law, Spring 1999
ABSTRACT: This
article assesses the relevance of the Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996
for addressing the problem of computer-transmitted and computer-generated child
pornography. A review of the United States Supreme Court rulings in New York
versus Ferber and Osborne versus Ohio, and research about the negative impact
of child pornography indicates that the law effectively balances First
Amendment rights with the need to protect children from exploitation. The
detailed constitutional analysis examines the framework established by the
Supreme Court in the Ferber and Osborne cases, specifically the definition of
child pornography and the state's compelling interest in regulating
communication it deems as pornographic. The article also addresses concerns
that the act will criminalize imagination
and art. It recommends that a good defense be available to health care
practitioners who need to access pornographic images for legitimate reasons
involving research and treatment of child sexual abuse.
KEY TERMS: child
pornography; internet crimes; federal statutory law; federal case law; us supreme court;
prosecution; criminal
charges; legal definitions
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
TITLE: Self-Help
for the Helpers: Preventing Vicarious Traumatization.
AUTHOR: Ryan, K.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Virginia
Commonwealth Univ., Richmond. School of Social Work.
SOURCE: In:
Webb, N. B. (Editor). Play Therapy With Children in Crisis: Individual, Group,
and Family Treatment. Second Edition. Guilford Publications, Inc., New York,
NY., August 1999; pp. 471-491
ABSTRACT: Therapists
who are treating child victims of trauma may experience symptoms themselves,
specifically in the dimensions of frame of reference, self-capacities, ego
resources, psychological needs and related cognitive schemas, and memory
system. Similar to countertransference, these symptoms are identified as
vicarious traumatization and can have a negative effect on the therapist and
the client. The therapist must participate in a parallel treatment such as
trauma therapy supervision in order to integrate and transform his or her
feelings. A supervisor or colleague knowledgeable about child therapy should be
consulted to address reactions to trauma and assist with the processing of
conscious and unconscious feelings. Other coping strategies include: continue
professional contacts; limit exposure to trauma; participate in personal psychotherapy;
seek out caring relationships and experiences outside of work; create
boundaries between work and personal life; obtain support; and confront
traumatic imagery. A transcript of a consultation group
meeting is provided in the chapter. 23 references.
KEY TERMS: childrens
therapy; intervention strategies; therapists role; trauma; therapists; coping skills
PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter
in Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.guilford.com
TITLE: Reality
Testing in Adult Women Who Report Childhood Sexual And Physical Abuse.
AUTHOR: Sacco,
M. L.; Farber, B. A.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
JOURNAL TITLE: Child
Abuse and Neglect
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Columbia
Univ., New York, NY. Teachers Coll.
SOURCE: 23(11):
pp. 1193-1203; Elsevier Science Ltd.,
New York, NY., November 1999
ABSTRACT: This
study investigated the differential effects of sexual and physical abuse in
childhood on the quality of reality testing (perceptual disorders and
dissociative symptoms) in later adult life. Two hundred and fifty nine female
volunteers between the ages of 18 and 30 recruited from college campuses
completed self-report measures assessing sexual and physical abuse in childhood
as well as current perceptual impairments (reality distortion, uncertainty of
perceptions, hallucinations and delusions, and psychoticism) and dissociation
(amnesia, absorption and imaginative involvement, and depersonalization and
derealization). Women who report abuse in childhood dissociate more than
nonabused women, although they do not experience more perceptual distortions.
Duration of abuse, age of onset of abuse, number of perpetrators, and
relationship of perpetrator to victim predicted difficulties in many aspects of
reality testing. Women who report both childhood sexual and physical abuse are
especially prone to acknowledge dissociative phenomena. These findings suggest
that college women who report abuse continue to experience adaptable accuracy
in their reality testing but, in comparison to their cohorts who have not been
abused, more often become distant from the world and their own sensory
experiences. These results confirm and extend research done on clinical samples
and suggest that the enduring effects of abuse on reality testing are manifest
in the nonclinical population as well. 3 tables and numerous references.
(Author abstract modified)
KEY TERMS: dissociation; perception;
physical abuse; sexual
abuse; adults abused as children; testing
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
TITLE: TREATMENT
MODELS: Selected Articles.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
SOURCE: NCCAN
Annotated Bibliographies; 1999
KEY TERMS: sex
offenders therapy; assessment; program evaluation; therapeutic effectiveness; therapeutic intervention; program models; intervention strategies;
group therapy; childrens
therapy; family therapy; family services; physical abuse;
models; child abuse research; treatment programs; research methodology; research needs; child welfare services;
substance abusing parents; drug
treatment programs; model
programs; interdisciplinary
approach; program planning; battered women; generational cycle of family violence; home visitation programs;
behavior problems; sexual
abuse; therapists; abusive children; adolescent sex offenders;
literature reviews; ecological
theories; art therapy; cognitive development; sequelae;
behavior theories; adolescents; treatment foster care; juvenile delinquency; prevention;
program descriptions; foster
parents training
PUBLICATION TYPE: Annotated
Bibliography
INTRODUCTION: This
annotated bibliography is a product of the National Clearinghouse
on Child Abuse and Neglect Information. The references have been selected
from thousands of materials available in our database to provide you with
the most up-to-date information related to child victims, witnesses, and
perpetrators of violence.
This bibliography looks at prevention, intervention and treatment issues
in relation to the impacts of violence on children. It is presented in
three sections: children as victims of violence, children as witnesses of
violence, and children and adolescents as perpetrators of violence.
Although many references cover more than one subject area, each citation
is listed only once in this bibliography, primarily under its major
subject heading.
All documents in this bibliography are contained in the Clearinghouse
library and are referenced following the format of the American
Psychological Association (APA). Authors, titles, publication dates and
publishers are provided within this format for each reference. We are
not, however, able to provide photocopies of all materials due to
copyright restrictions. Copies of publications that are not copyrighted,
such as Government publications, grant reports, or unpublished papers,
are available from the Clearinghouse for a reproduction fee of $0.10 per
page. Journal articles and chapters in books are copyrighted and may be
found at research or university libraries.
Information Specialists can answer questions about copyright status and
ordering information, as well as guide you in selecting materials from
this bibliography or suggest other materials that may be useful to you.
In addition, Specialists are available to conduct customized searches
of Clearinghouse databases for a base fee of $5.00 plus $.20 per record.
For more information, please contact
National Clearinghouse on Child Abuse and Neglect Information
330 C St., SW
Washington, DC 20447
Tel.: (800)394-3366 or 703-385-7565
Fax: 703-385-3206
E-mail: nccanch@calib.com
INTERNET URL: http://www.calib.com/nccanch
TITLE: Trauma
and the Self: A Theoretical and Clinical Perspective.
AUTHOR: Pearlman,
L. A.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1998
JOURNAL TITLE: Journal
of Emotional Abuse
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Traumatic
Stress Institute-Center for Adult and Adolescent Psychotherapy, South Windsor,
CT.
SOURCE: 1(1):
pp. 7-25; Binghamton, NY, Haworth
Press, Inc., 1998
ABSTRACT: This
article applies the constructivist self development theory (CSDT) to examine
the traumatic impact of childhood abuse and neglect on the self. CSDT theory,
which integrates psychoanalytic theory with theories of social cognition,
provides a framework for considering the inner abilities that maintain a
cohesive, consistent sense of self. The article outlines the psychological and
behavioral sequelae of undeveloped self capacities resulting from emotional
trauma, including connection, affect regulation, and self-worth. It then provides
a detailed approach to the psychotherapeutic development of self capacities.
Interventions such as self- talk, guided imagery,
identification of shame, differentiation of feelings, and behavioral management
can help survivors learn to value themselves and develop an integrated
identity. 42 references. (Author abstract modified)
KEY TERMS: sequelae; models;
trauma; self concept; self esteem; psychotherapy
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.haworthpressinc.com
TITLE: Women
Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse: Healing Through Group Work; Beyond
Survival.
AUTHOR: Chew, J.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1998
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Calgary
Univ., Alberta (Canada). Dept. of Educational Psychology.
SOURCE: Binghamton,
NY, Haworth Press, Inc., 1998; 175 pp.
ABSTRACT: This
book provides step-by-step guidelines for conducting a group therapy program
for women who experienced childhood sexual abuse. The 13 session program
combines Ericksonian and solution-oriented approaches with a feminist
perspective. Elements of the therapy include narrative therapy, group
discussion, mini-lectures, structured exercises, guided imagery, and journal writing. Sessions cover: course introduction;
safety and strength; boundaries; building strength and enhancing
resourcefulness; telling personal stories; use of anger and power; restoring
dignity and positive sense of self; trust and future relationships;
spirituality; and planning for the future. The final chapter describes self-care
and well-being for the therapist. 2 figures.
KEY TERMS: female
victims; adults abused as
children; sexual abuse; group therapy; therapeutic intervention
PUBLICATION TYPE: Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.haworthpressinc.com
TITLE: Keeping
Children Safe: Rhetoric and Reality.
AUTHOR: Allen,
E. E.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1998
JOURNAL TITLE: Juvenile
Justice
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: National
Center for Missing and Exploited Children, Arlington, VA.
SOURCE: 5(1):
pp. 16-23; Office of Juvenile Justice
and Delinquency Prevention (DOJ), Washington, DC, May 1998
ABSTRACT: This
article reviews data from a variety of sources to examine whether prevention
strategies that emphasize stranger awareness reflect the actual dangers to
children. Some research has found that up to 90 percent of sexual abuse
offenses are perpetrated by offenders who are known to the child, including
family members. Twenty-nine percent of rape victims are younger than 11 years
old, and the typical victim of abduction and murder is a child who comes from a
middle-class, stable family. Most experts on sexual assault note that the
primary problem with stranger danger messages is that children do not
understand who is considered a stranger. Many imagine
that a stranger looks scary, not like a neighbor or another familiar person. A
study of 155 nonfamily abductions by the National Center for Missing and
Exploited Children revealed that the child knew his or her abductor in 89
percent of the cases in which the child was recovered alive. More than
two-thirds of the children who were recovered deceased knew their abductors.
These data can be used to modify prevention messages to more accurately inform
children and their families. In addition to increasing awareness of the
potential for offenses by acquaintances, children should be taught to tell an
adult when someone makes them uncomfortable and that they have the right to say
no to adults in certain situations. 17 references and 2 tables.
KEY TERMS: child
safety; primary prevention; research reviews; statistical data;
characteristics of abused;
characteristics of abuser
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.ncjrs.org
TITLE: Community
and Professional Definitions of Child Neglect.
AUTHOR: Dubowitz.
H.; Klockner, A.; Starr, R. H.; Black, M. M.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1998
JOURNAL TITLE: Child
Maltreatment
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Maryland
Univ., Baltimore. School of Medicine.
SOURCE: 3(3):
pp. 235-243; Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage
Publications, Inc., August 1998
ABSTRACT: This
article examines the views on child neglect among African American and White
community members of middle and low socioeconomic status and contrasts their
views with those of professionals in the field of child maltreatment. Vignettes
concerning an imaginary 18-month-old child were factor analyzed
into Physical and Psychological Care scales. There were small but significant
differences, with both middle-class African American and White community groups
showing greater concern for psychological care than the lower class African
American group. Both groups of African Americans were more concerned than
middle-class Whites about physical care. Overall, there is considerable
agreement among the community samples in their views of what circumstances are
harmful to children; professionals in the field appear to have a higher
threshold for concern. 32 references and 2 tables. (Author abstract)
KEY TERMS: child
neglect; african americans; caucasians;
socioeconomic influences
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com
TITLE: Integrating
Cognitive Strategies into Behavioral Treatment for Abusive Parents and Families
with Aggressive Adolescents.
AUTHOR: Stern,
S. B.; Azar, S. T.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1998
JOURNAL TITLE: Clinical
Child Psychology and Psychiatry
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Boston
Univ., MA. School of Social Work.
SOURCE: 3(3):
pp. 387-403; Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage
Publications, Inc., July 1998
ABSTRACT: This
article describes the cognitive problems that mark two parenting populations:
abusive parents and parents of aggressive adolescents. Research is summarized
characterizing the nature of these difficulties for both populations in distorted
expectations and attributions, poor cognitive problem- solving capacities, and
poor anger control and stress management skills. The article then outlines
promising cognitive strategies to address these difficulties, including role
playing and imagery, restructuring, reframing, education
about child development, communication skills training, problem-solving
training, journaling, and relaxation training. The article suggests that these
strategies will enhance currently available behavioral approaches and address
the complex tasks of parenting more fully. Numerous references and 1 table.
(Author abstract modified)
KEY TERMS: behavior
therapy; cognitive development; aggressive behavior; adolescents; adolescent psychology;
parental therapy; intervention
strategies
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com
TITLE: Reliability
and Credibility of Young Children's Reports: From Research to Policy and
Practice.
AUTHOR: Bruck,
M.; Ceci, S. J.; Hembrooke, H.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1998
JOURNAL TITLE: American
Psychologist
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: McGill
Univ., Montreal (Canada). Dept. of Psychology.
SOURCE: 53(2):
pp. 136-151; American Psychological
Association, Washington, DC, February 1998
ABSTRACT: This
article reviews issues, concerns, and research regarding the interviewing of
young child witnesses. The article focuses on research on suggestibility and
the influence of various interviewing techniques on the reliability and
credibility of young children's reports. Interviewer bias, guided imagery, peer pressure, visualization techniques, repetition of
misinformation, and selective reinforcement are described as potential sources
of false allegations. Research indicates that children are able to provide reliable
and accurate reports of events when the interviewer is neutral and there exists
no motivation for the child to report false information. However, children can
be swayed by suggestive interviewing techniques and older children are as
susceptible to suggestion as preschool children. Implications for future
research and for policy are discussed. 90 references. (Author abstract
modified)
KEY TERMS: child
witnesses; interviews; credibility; reliability;
suggestibility; methods; leading questions
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.apa.org
TITLE: Recovered
Memory Therapy: A Dubious Practice Technique.
AUTHOR: Stocks,
J. T.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1998
JOURNAL TITLE: Social
Work
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Michigan
State Univ., East Lansing. School of Social Work.
SOURCE: 43(5):
pp. 423-436; Washington, DC, National
Association of Social Workers, September 1998
ABSTRACT: This
article examines the validity of memory work as well as the evidence for the
efficacy of therapeutic interventions based in the recovery of childhood sexual
abuse memories. Body work, hypnosis, dream interpretation, flashbacks,
journaling, guided imagery, truth serum, and survivors' groups are
described. Evidence suggests that both true and false memories can be recovered
using memory work techniques, and there is no evidence that reliable
discriminations can be made between them. Similarly, there is no empirical
evidence to suggest that recovered memory therapy results in improved outcomes
for participating clients. The article reviews current treatment outcome
research and suggests that participation in recovered memory therapy may be
harmful to clients. Numerous references. (Author abstract)
KEY TERMS: memory; repression;
therapeutic effectiveness;
adults abused as children;
sexual abuse; research
reviews; therapeutic intervention
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.naswpress.org
TITLE: The
Contributions of Source Misattributions, Acquiescence, and Response Bias to
Children's False Memories.
AUTHOR: McBrien,
C. M.; Dagenbach, D.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1998
JOURNAL TITLE: American
Journal of Psychology
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Wake
Forest Univ., Winston-Salem, NC.
SOURCE: 3(4):
pp. 509-528; Champaign, IL, Univ. of
Illinois Press, Winter 1998
ABSTRACT: Two
studies examined the nature of the false recollections that preschool children
experience after imaginary events. The first replicated earlier
findings suggesting that some young children respond to the events as though
they had actually happened. However, events that had not been studied or
thought about also were included in the test phase, and children indicated that
many of these had happened to them as well. This suggested that something other
than source misattribution for imagined events occurred for at least some
children. A second study assessed whether children's affirmative responses to
queries about imagined events reflected retrieval of the imagined event,
acquiescence, or a yes response bias. Evidence of contributions to false
assents from the retrieval of imagined events and yes response bias was strong,
but the contribution of acquiescence was minimal. 14 references and 6 tables.
(Author abstract)
KEY TERMS: false
allegations; suggestibility; preschool children; memory;
child witnesses; leading
questions; psychological
characteristics; false memory syndrome
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
TITLE: Aspects
of a Preventive Approach to Support Children of Alcoholics.
AUTHOR: Christensen,
E.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1997
JOURNAL TITLE: Child
Abuse Review
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Danish
National Institute of Social Research, Copenhagen (Denmark).
SOURCE: 6(1):
pp. 24-34; Chichester (Great Britain),
John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., March 1997
ABSTRACT: Thirty-two
children aged 5 to 16 years and their parents were interviewed about what it is
like to be a child in a family where one or both parents have alcohol problems.
The study found that parents imagine that
the children do not know about their alcohol abuse and, at the same time,
documented that the children were aware of it. The children tried to stop their
parents from drinking by telling them to stop. When this did not work, the
children withdrew. They did not talk about the problems outside the family as
they were afraid they would be rejected by society. The children made it clear
that it was important for children in families with alcoholism to receive
attention. The best place to get attention and help was, from the children's
point of view, the treatment institution where the parents received help. The
reasons for this were the importance to the children that those helping them
should be knowledgeable about alcoholism and for the children to be sure the
parents would be helped as well. 4 references and 2 tables. (Author abstract)
KEY TERMS: prevention
programs; substance abusing
parents; alcoholism; alcohol abuse; childrens services;
alcohol education; needs
assessment; denmark
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.wiley.com
TITLE: Inaccuracies
in Children's Testimony: Memory, Suggestibility, or Obedience to Authority?
AUTHOR: Meyer,
J. F.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1997
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Rutgers
Univ., Camden, NJ. Dept. of Sociology.
SOURCE: Binghamton,
NY, Haworth Press, Inc., 1997; 175 pp.
ABSTRACT: This
book integrates literature on memory, suggestibility, and obedience to
authority to provide a comprehensive perspective of the reasons for
inaccuracies in children's testimony. Chapters review research about recall;
questioning techniques; the effects of stress, prompting, and imagination; suggestibility; limitations of research;
and the applications of Milgram's theory of obedience to authority for children
in court. Strategies recommended for improving the accuracy of children's
testimony include: learn from previous mistakes; avoid leading questions; use
indirect and nonverbal techniques; rehearse testimony with the child; reduce
perceived authority of the interviewer; educate children about court
procedures; train children to answer questions; and teach children to recognize
leading questions. Numerous references and 1 table.
KEY TERMS: child
witnesses; credibility; testimony;
suggestibility; memory; competency
PUBLICATION TYPE: Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.haworthpressinc.com
TITLE: Empowering
Techniques of Play Therapy: A Method for Working With Sexually Abused Children.
AUTHOR: Griffith,
M.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1997
JOURNAL TITLE: Journal
of Mental Health Counseling
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Butler
Univ., Indianapolis, IN. School of Counseling, Marital and Family Therapy, and
School Psychology.
SOURCE: 19(2):
pp. 130-142; American Counseling
Association, Alexandria, VA, April 1997
ABSTRACT: This
article presents a therapeutic model in which the mental health counselor
functions as a play therapist with children who have been sexually abused. Play
therapy, as addressed in this article, is based on existential,
client-centered, and developmental theories. The purpose of play therapy is to relieve
the emotional distress of sexual abuse through a variety of expressive play
materials and imagination and is based on the notion that play is a
child's natural medium of self-expression. Through the power of the therapeutic
relationship and the belief of the mental health counselor in the child's
strengths and potential for change and growth, self-esteem and empowerment
within the child increases. An appendix reviews the stages of therapy and the
role of the play therapist. A second appendix provides an example of a
treatment plan for play therapy. Numerous references. (Author abstract
modified)
KEY TERMS: play
therapy; sexual abuse; therapeutic intervention; abused children; models; counselors
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.counseling.org
TITLE: Philadelphia's
Progressive Orphanage: The Carson Valley School.
AUTHOR: Contosta,
D. R.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1997
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Chestnut
Hill Coll., Philadelphia, PA. Dept. of History.
SOURCE: University
Park, PA, Pennsylvania State Univ. Press, November 1997; 269 pp.
ABSTRACT: This
book gives a historical perspective of the Carson Valley School, a progressive
orphanage located near Philadelphia. For more than 75 years, the school has
served the needs of orphaned girls and other dependent children. A legacy of
the progressive education movement of the early decades of the twentieth
century, the school was formally opened in 1918 as the Carson College for
Orphan Girls. The institution was originally endowed by the $5 million estate
of Philadelphia trolley magnate Robert Carson, who had stipulated in his will
that it could receive only white, parentless girls. Over the decades the school
leaders were able to remove these restrictions, and the first black girls were
admitted in 1967. By the 1970s, the school was admitting children regardless of
race or gender, as well as neglected and dependent youths. This book details
how the Carson Valley School has been shaped by a multitude of social,
cultural, and political forces and how many of the reforms of the Progressive
era remain in place today. Also described are how the Carson Valley School has
responded to the social, cultural, and political challenges with flexibility
and imagination. For instance, the institution had to
shorten the length of time that children resided on campus, both because of
cutbacks in public funds and because of the goal of placing dependent children
in the least restrictive environments. Thus, while residents were staying at Carson
Valley School for an average of 3 or 4 years in the mid-1970s, most remained
for less than a year 2 decades later. This book shows how Carson Valley School
has contributed to the renewed debate about orphanages and dependent child
care. 50 photographs and numerous references.
KEY TERMS: orphanages; residential schools; pennsylvania; child welfare; education
PUBLICATION TYPE: Book
TITLE: Counseling
Adult Male Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse: A Review of Treatment
AUTHOR: Winder,
J. H.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1996
JOURNAL TITLE: Journal
of Mental Health Counseling
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Southern
Univ., New Orleans, LA. Educational Talent Search Program.
SOURCE: 18(2):
pp. 123-134; American Mental Health
Counselors Association, Alexandria, VA., April 1996; p. 667
ABSTRACT: Adult
male survivors of childhood sexual abuse differ from female survivors in the
way that they express their trauma. Women usually internalize their emotions
about the abuse, while men typically act out their aggression and anger. Menwho
were sexually abused during childhood also must resolve conflicts between their
abuse experience and social expectations for masculinity and male sexual identity.
Counselors should consider the specific needs of male victims when treating
clients inadulthood. The following techniques have been identified in the
literature as effective for the treatment of male survivors: gestalt work and
psychodrama; bibliotherapy; hypnosis, visualization, and guided imagery; journal writing; cognitive-behavioral techniques;
family-of-origin techniques; and transactional analysis. 32 references.
KEY TERMS: sexual
abuse; male victims; adults abused as children; therapeutic intervention; program models; literature reviews;
counseling; intervention
strategies
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.amhca.org/
TITLE: Kinship
Care: The African American Response to Family Preservation.
AUTHOR: Scannapieco,
M.; Jackson, S.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1996
JOURNAL TITLE: Social
Work
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Maryland
Univ., Baltimore. School of Social Work.
SOURCE: 41(2):
pp. 190-196; Washington, DC, National
Association of Social Workers, March 1996
ABSTRACT: This
article discusses increased kinship care as a resilient response by the African
American community to child abuse and neglect. The strengths and resilience of
the African American family can be attributed in part to a strong kinship
network. In this manner, the African American community is preserving the
family. The article reviews the historical response of African American
families to separation and loss and outlines current challenges for families in
the community, including poverty, AIDS, child abuse and neglect, and reductions
in services. This community clearly needs support through imaginative social work policies and practice. The
article proposes that social service agencies adopt a culturally based
perspective and include all family members in placement planning. 45
references. (Author abstract modified)
KEY TERMS: kinship
care; african americans; cultural values; family preservation;
community role; extended
families; permanency planning
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.naswpress.org
TITLE: How
to Keep Your C.O.O.L. with Your Kids: Learning to Be Better Parents by
Controlling Our Own Lives.
AUTHOR: Makarowski,
L.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1996
SOURCE: New
York, NY, Perigee Books, 1996; 222 pp.
ABSTRACT: This
book provides suggestions for parents to control their anger when dealing with
their child's behavior problems. Special consideration is given to parental
responses to children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The
C.O.O.L. strategy involves Considering the consequences of anger; Observing
body signals objectively; Organizing alternatives for problem solving; and
Looking toward the future, while learning from the past. Parents are urged to
consider their response before a problem develops so that they are prepared to
cope calmly and in a loving way. Chapters address physical reactions to
stressful situations, identification of anger triggers, cycles of change, goal
setting, relaxation techniques, imagery, anger
management, modification of the child's behavior, discipline, bad habits,
lying, reinforcement, and compromise. Self-assessment exercises are provided,
as well as examples of the techniques described. 1 figure.
KEY TERMS: parenting
skills; anger; behavior modification; attention deficit disorder; hyperactivity; behavior problems
PUBLICATION TYPE: Book
TITLE: Meeting
Defenses in Sexual Abuse Cases.
AUTHOR: Morgan,
J. T.; Brickman, J.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1996
JOURNAL TITLE: NRCCSA
News
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: DeKalb
County Office of the District Attorney, GA.
SOURCE: 5(3):
p. 1, 3, 8; National Resource Center on
Child Sexual Abuse, Huntsville, AL, May-June 1996
ABSTRACT: Everyone
involved in the prosecution of a child sexual abuse case must be prepared to
argue and present evidence to counter the defense of the alleged perpetrator.
There are 11 common defenses: imagination of
the child; misinterpretation; mental or emotional problems of the child;
accidental contact; victim has a history of lying; divorce or custody
situation; retaliation by the mother; inadequate evidence; incomplete or
erroneous police work; mutual consent; and conspiracy. Prosecutors are advised
to question the child about details to corroborate their story and increase
credibility. In addition, police investigation procedures should be thorough to
avoid any question about the collection of evidence. Accusations of lying and
conspiracy can be met by establishing the lack of motive for alleging abuse.
KEY TERMS: sexual
abuse; prosecution; district attorneys; defense;
police operating procedures;
testimony; legal processes
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.calib.com/nccanch
TITLE: Remembering
Childhood Sexual Abuse: A National Survey of Psychologists' Clinical Practices,
Beliefs, and Personal Experiences.
AUTHOR: Polusny,
M. A.; Follette, V. M.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1996
JOURNAL TITLE: Professional
Psychology: Research and Practice
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Nevada
Univ., Reno. Dept. of Psychology.
SOURCE: 27(1):
pp. 41-52; American Psychological
Association, Washington, DC, February 1996
ABSTRACT: A
national survey of 1,000 psychologists, to which 223 responded, assessed
professionals' clinical practices and beliefs about the treatment of adult
survivors of childhood sexual abuse (CSA), personal CSA history, and the
phenomenon of clients remembering CSA in therapy. Results indicated that over
25 percent of therapists reported using guided imagery, dream interpretation, bibliotherapy regarding sexual
abuse, referral to sexual abuse survivors' group, and free association of
childhood memories as memory retrieval techniques with clients who had no
specific memory of CSA. However, the majority of therapists reported that they
had not seen any cases of adult clients entering therapy with no memory of CSA
and subsequently recalling abuse in the course of therapy. A personal history
of CSA was not associated with most clinical practices related to treating
sexual abuse survivors. The implications for training and establishing
scientific standards of psychological practice are discussed. 58 references and
4 tables. (Author abstract)
KEY TERMS: memory; psychological evaluation; sexual abuse; adults abused as children;
psychologists attitudes;
psychologists role
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.apa.org
TITLE: Child
Abuse and Dissociative Identity Disorder - Multiple Personality Disorder: The
Documentation of Childhood Maltreatment and the Corroboration of Symptoms.
AUTHOR: Swica,
Y.; Lewis, D. O.; Lewis, M.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1996
JOURNAL TITLE: Child
and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: New
York Univ. School of Medicine, New York. Dept. of Psychiatry.
SOURCE: 5(2):
pp. 431-447; Philadelphia, PA, W. B.
Saunders Co., April 1996
ABSTRACT: This
study analyzed the documentation of severe child maltreatment in the histories
of six violent offenders to demonstrate the relationship between child abuse
and dissociative identity disorder or multiple personality disorder (DID-MPD).
All six men were diagnosed with DID-MPD after their convictions during a
neuropsychiatric evaluation that assessed states of awareness, time loss,
memory, imagination, moods, auditory experiences, visual
experiences, changes in skills or handwriting, changes in temperament, and use
of different names. The evaluations also collected in-depth information about
medical, family, social, and educational histories to document childhood
maltreatment experience. Social service records provided evidence of physical
and sexual abuse in all six cases. Childhood symptoms of DID as reported in
historical records and interviews included auditory hallucinations, trance-like
states and amnesia, imaginary companions, fugue states, and spacing
out. Documentation of adult symptoms was obtained during the clinical
evaluation as well as from police records, psychiatrists, coworkers, family
members, acquaintances, and the subjects themselves. Evaluations found that two
of the subjects had no memory of childhood abuse and the remainder had only
limited memories of maltreatment. Two did not remember committing the violent offense
for which they were convicted and the recollections of the others changed.
Implications of these findings for diagnosis and treatment are discussed. 24
references, 2 figures, and 4 tables.
KEY TERMS: case
studies; dissociation; multiple personality disorder; diagnoses;
adults abused as children;
corroboration; memory; etiology
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
TITLE: With
Eyes Wide Open: A Workbook for Parents Adopting International Children Over Age
One.
AUTHOR: Miller,
M.; Ward, N.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1996
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Children's
Home Society of Minnesota, St. Paul.
SOURCE: Children's
Home Society of Minnesota, St. Paul, 1996;
155 pp.
ABSTRACT: This
workbook is written for parents preparing to adopt a child from abroad with
life experiences, i.e. a child 12 months old or older who is already searching
or attempting to attach to a parent figure. The workbook's methodology focuses
on trying to reconstruct the child's experiences, to imagine the child's life. The workbook is arranged into 20 topical
sections, each incorporating a combination of research, role-playing,
discussion, interviews, or writing exercises.
KEY TERMS: intercountry
adoption; older children; adoption preparation
PUBLICATION TYPE: Book
TITLE: Supporting
Family Strengths: Orienting Policy and Practice Toward the 21st Century.
AUTHOR: Weick,
A.; Saleebey, D.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1995
JOURNAL TITLE: Families
in Society
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Kansas
Univ., Lawrence. School of Social Welfare.
SOURCE: 76(3):
pp. 141-149; Milwaukee, WI, Families
International, Inc., March 1995
ABSTRACT: This
article suggests that myths of economic self-sufficiency and psychological
normalcy have engendered, in both public policy and family treatment,
strategies that isolate, punish, and pathologize families. To move beyond these
myths, it is necessary to draw more generous definitions of what constitutes
family by placing families within the nurturing membrane of community life and
actively seeking to support family strengths through imaginative and innovative policies and empowering
practices. Approaches that emphasize this family-strengths perspective include
family preservation, solution-focused therapy, family-centered practice,
feminist orientations, and the ecological perspective. Strengths-based practice
will identify the capacities and resources of families; recognize political,
racial, and economic influences; help families overcome barriers to community
participation; use the family's culture; and empower families to solve problems
and make decisions. 48 references. (Author abstract modified)
KEY TERMS: family
support systems; families; family role; community role; social
policies
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
TITLE: How
Children Remember and Why They Forget.
AUTHOR: Perry,
N. W.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1995
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Creighton
Univ., Omaha, NE. Dept. of Psychology.
SOURCE: In:
Falconer, R., et al. (Editors). Trauma, Amnesia, and the Denial of Abuse.
Family Violence and Sexual Assault Institute, Tyler, TX, 1995; pp. 83-89
ABSTRACT: This
chapter discusses the capacity of children to remember and explains why they
forget. The development of memory, for both children and adults, involves the
phases of perceiving an event and paying attention to it, storing information
in memory, and recalling and reporting information. Children recall information
through recognition, reconstruction, or free recall memory. Strategies used for
remembering include rehearsal, imagery,
organization, and external and internal cues. The use of these strategies by
children is discussed. In addition, factors that influence a child's memory are
examined, including the developmental level of the child, the salience of the
events and details to be remembered, the ability of the child to use memory
strategies, the stress associated with an event, the use of incentives to
encourage the child to withhold information about an event, and the
suggestibility of the child. 66 references.
KEY TERMS: memory; suggestibility; stress; cognitive
development; sexual abuse
PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter
in Book
TITLE: The
Debate Over Recovered Memory of Sexual Abuse: A Feminist-Psychoanalytic
Perspective.
AUTHOR: Haaken,
J.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1995
JOURNAL TITLE: Psychiatry
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Portland
State Univ., OR. Dept. of Psychology.
SOURCE: 58(2):
pp. 189-198; American Psychological
Association, Washington, DC., May 1995
ABSTRACT: This
paper presents a feminist-psychoanalytic analysis of the contemporary debate
over the veracity of memories of sexual abuse recovered in treatment. Clinical
discourse is currently divided between those who argue that recovered memories
are veridical accounts of sexual trauma and those who claim that many
therapists are creating memories of abuse in their patients. The article
provides an analysis of the debate on recovered memory and of the social
dynamics underlying it, and discusses how these dynamics have shaped clinical
practice. In exploring the clinical issues raised by the debate, Freud's
abandonment of seduction theory is reassessed, examining some of the problematic
issues in separating fantasy and memory in female psychosexual development.
Conflictual aspects of female development are situated in an analysis of
patriarchal social relationships that continue to mediate feminine experience.
The paper argues that the jettisoning of the concept of fantasy in much of the
clinical literature on sexual abuse has contributed to a reification of
memory-- that is, as true or false -- and a sacrifice of complexity in the
clinical elaboration of women's abusive experiences. In reclaiming the concept
of fantasy, a range of meanings located between the imaginary and the real suggested by female narratives of sexual
abuse are described. 43 references. (Author abstract modified)
KEY TERMS: sexual
abuse; memory; psychological evaluation; feminism;
psychoanalytic theories
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.guilford.com
TITLE: Fantasy
Proneness, Reported Childhood Abuse, and the Relevance of Reported Abuse Onset.
AUTHOR: Bryant,
R. A.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1995
JOURNAL TITLE: International
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: New
South Wales Univ. (Australia). School of Psychology.
SOURCE: 43(2):
pp. 184-193; Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage
Publications, Inc., April 1995
ABSTRACT: This
study investigated the relationship between fantasy proneness and the age at
which reported childhood sexual abuse occurs. Seventeen adult females who
reported having been sexually abused before the age of 7 years, 20 females who
reported having been abused after the age of 7 years, and 20 females who
reported having never been abused were administered two measures of imaginative involvement: the Tellegen Absorption
Scale (TAS) and the Inventory of Childhood Memories and Imaginings (ICMI). Participants who were reportedly abused early in
childhood obtained higher scores on the TAS and ICMI than participants who were
reportedly abused later in childhood, who in turn obtained higher scores than
the control participants. Findings are discussed in terms of factors that
mediate fantasy proneness and reports of childhood abuse. 22 references and 2
tables. (Author abstract)
KEY TERMS: australia; adults abused as children; sexual abuse; sequelae; fantasies; child development
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com
TITLE: Reweaving
Timelines.
AUTHOR: Stiffler,
L. H.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1995
JOURNAL TITLE: Adoption
Therapist
SOURCE: 6(4):
pp. 15-18; Hope Cottage Adoption
Center, Dallas, TX., Fall 1995
ABSTRACT: For
adoptees and birth parents in closed adoptions, connections to the past are
distorted. The author discusses a method of therapy based on neuro-linguistic
programming (NLP) to help with temporal perception and orientation. She
describes guided fantasies of being a child who has lost a parent temporarily,
and a parent who has lost a child. These mental/emotional exercises help people
experience the abandonment a child feels, and the grief a birth parent feels.
She also uses an exercise to imagine the
reunion of parent and child. When adoptees and birth parents are reunited the
history and connections of the intervening years need recognition by the
persons involved. A birth mother's development may be stopped at the point of
pregnancy. She may have been unable to grieve and resolve the loss of the
child, and have denied or repressed many of her feelings. Birth fathers also
have deep pain and guilt, and reunions may cause trouble in the birth father's
present family. Adoptive parents are haunted by the fear that the birth parents
will appear and take away the child's love. They are reminded of their past
loss of a biological child. In the NLP method, people mark timelines, and deal
with the past, present, and future. They consolidate identity in a flexible
brief therapy process. A glossary of terms is provided.
KEY TERMS: psychotherapy; closed adoption; reunions; psychological
aspects; treatment; grief;
adoption triads
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
TITLE: The
Treatment of Incest Offenders: A Hypnotic Approach: A Brief Communication.
AUTHOR: Guyer,
C. G.; Van Patten, I. T.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1995
JOURNAL TITLE: International
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis
SOURCE: 43(3):
pp. 266-273; Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage
Publications, Inc., July 1995
ABSTRACT: This
article examines the use of hypnosis as a form of treatment for incest
offenders. Incest has become more prominent in public awareness over the past
15 years. The major focus of this interest has been on the incest survivor,
whereas the incest offender has received less attention. A hypnotic approach to
trating incest offenders is outlined that involves a seven-stage approach. The
first phase entails establishing a rapport by learning the offenders history.
The next step includes educating and informing the offender of the hypnotic
procedures. The third stage focuses on the offender's ability to perform
self-hypnosis as well as participate in heterohypnosis. In the fourth phase,
emphasis is placed on imagery to explore the offender's motive for
committing incest. The next phase is devoted to age regression to gather
evidence as to whether the possibility exists that the offender was abuse. The
sixth stage involves the instruction of the offender's inner child in order to
educate him so that he does not repeat his previous behavior. Posthypnotic
suggestions are given during this time to encourage this. The final phase is
the progression of the offender to post-incarceration. Again posthypnotic
suggestions are used. This time to engender nurturing and common feelings
toward children. A case sample is presented and future research directions
suggested. 18 references. (Author abstract modified)
KEY TERMS: offenders; incest;
treatment; sexual abuse; research;
perpetrators
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com
TITLE: Family-Based
Services. A Solution-Focused Approach.
AUTHOR: Berg, I.
K.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1994
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Brief
Family Therapy Center, Milwaukee, WI.
SOURCE: New
York, NY, W. W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1994; 236 pp.
ABSTRACT: This
book discusses how child welfare and family service workers can apply the
principles of brief, solution-focused therapy to family preservation services,
home-based family-centered services, and other family-based services. The
solution-focused approach emphasizes the strengths and competencies of families
and applies previous successes to empower families to solve their problems.
Clients who have no past successes can be encouraged to imagine miracles and identify small steps to achieving their goal.
This book explains solution-focused therapeutic techniques step-by-step, with
numerous case examples. Chapters address the initial stage, problem definition,
developing cooperation, setting goals and making contracts, interviewing
techniques, conducting a family session, middle phase and termination, and
special problems. Sample assessment forms are provided. 36 references and 4
figures.
KEY TERMS: family
therapy; counseling; family counseling; treatment programs
PUBLICATION TYPE: Book
INTERNET URL: http://web.wwnorton.com
TITLE: Child
Witnesses: Fragile Voices in the American Legal System.
AUTHOR: McGough,
L. S.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1994
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Louisiana
State Univ. Law School, Baton Rouge.
SOURCE: New
Haven, CT, Yale Univ. Press, 1994; 349
pp.
ABSTRACT: This
book assesses research on the reliability of testimony provided by children in
various legal proceedings. The child witness revolution of the 1980s is
reviewed. Hypothetical cases drawn from the facts of actual litigated cases are
used to provide data on developmental facts that affect children's capability
to serve as trial witnesses, such as the development of cognitive skills needed
for accurate perception; the relationship between the cognitive and emotional
elements of imagination and confabulation; the effect of trauma
on a child's ability to recall events accurately; the reliability risks of
memory loss and suggestibility resulting from cognitive, emotional, and social
causes; and the emotional variables causing a child to mislead interviewers or
jurors consciously. The legal processes and rules of evidence affecting the
believability of children's testimony are examined, including trial processes
for evaluating the credibility of any witness, the hearsay rule and its
exceptions, the confrontation clause, and the use of expert assessments. The
author analyzes actual trials to illustrate the concepts discussed throughout
the book, including the McMartin Preschool prosecution in California, the
Morgan-Foretich custody and visitation controversy, and various U.S. Supreme
Court child sexual abuse cases. In addition, the author proposes the early
videotaping of a child witness's account to minimize the reliability risks
posed by a child witness. Appendixes present proposed statutes and list
relevant cases and statutes. Numerous references and 6 figures.
KEY TERMS: child
witnesses; testimony; cognitive development; suggestibility; competency; rules of
evidence; prosecution; videotaping
PUBLICATION TYPE: Book
TITLE: Understanding
and Working with Dissociative Processes in Children.
AUTHOR: Boat, B.
W.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1994
SOURCE: In:
McNamara, J. (Editor). Sexually Reactive Children in Adoption and Foster Care.
Greensboro, NC, Family Resources, 1994;
pp. 69-83
ABSTRACT: This
article describes the development of dissociation in severely abused children
and outlines approaches for working with dissociative children. Some abused
children use dissociation as a method of coping with the trauma of their abuse.
This defensive dissociation can become maladaptive and develop into antisocial
behavior, inappropriate sexual behavior, or multiple personality disorder.
Symptoms of dissociation include recurring amnesic periods; frequent trancelike
states; major changes in behavior; referral to self in the third person; imaginary friends; denial of behavior; depression and sleep
problems; inappropriate sexual behavior; antisocial behavior; hallucinations;
and more than one personality in control. Therapy needs to begin by
establishing safety and motivation for change. Treatment should help the child
recognize and express feelings appropriately, identify defensive behavior, and
address difficult memories. Suggestions for caring for severely abused and
dissociative children and encouraging survival skills for traumatized children
are included. 4 references.
KEY TERMS: child
behavior; childrens therapy; dissociation; multiple personality disorder;
sexual abuse
PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter
in Book
TITLE: The
Possible Role of Source Misattribution in the Creation of False Beliefs Among
Preschoolers.
AUTHOR: Ceci, S.
J.; Loftus, E. F.; Leichtman, M. D.; Bruck, M.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1994
JOURNAL TITLE: International
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Cornell
Univ., Ithaca, NY. Dept. of Human Development and Family Studies.
SOURCE: 42(4):
pp. 304-320; Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage
Publications, Inc., October 1994
ABSTRACT: This
article examines source misattributions as a possible factor in the creation of
false beliefs among preschool-aged children. The article presents the results
from an ongoing program of research which suggest that source misattributions
could be a mechanism underlying children's false beliefs about having
experienced fictitious events. Findings from this program of research indicate
that, although all children are susceptible to making source misattributions,
very young children may be disproportionately vulnerable to these kinds of
errors. This vulnerability leads younger preschoolers, on occasion, to claim
that they remember actually experiencing events that they only thought about or
were suggested by others. These results are discussed in the context of the
ongoing debate over the veracity and durability of delayed reports of early
memories, repressed memories, dissociative states, and the validity risks posed
by therapeutic techniques that entail repeated visually guided imagery inductions. 21 references, 2 figures, and 2 tables.
(Author abstract)
KEY TERMS: suggestibility; preschool children; false allegations; memory; child witnesses
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com
TITLE: Abuse,
Dissociative Phenomena, and Childhood Multiple Personality Disorder.
AUTHOR: Lewis,
D. O.; Yeager, C. A.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1994
JOURNAL TITLE: Child
and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: New
York Univ. School of Medicine, NY. Dept. of Psychiatry.
SOURCE: 3(4):
pp. 729-743; Philadelphia, PA, W. B.
Saunders Co., October 1994
ABSTRACT: This
article reviews the symptoms of dissociation in children and explains why the
condition may be undetected. Dissociative states, including multiple
personality disorder, usually occur as a defense against extraordinary pain or
trauma. Symptoms include amnesia, trancelike states, extreme mood and behavior
changes, physical complaints that have no apparent medical cause, hysterical
paralysis, sleep problems, auditory hallucinations, and imaginary companions. However, these symptoms are also indications
of seizure states, mood disorders, schizophrenia, attention-deficit
hyperactivity disorder, and borderline personality disorder in adulthood.
Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of dissociative disorder among
patients who exhibit extreme types of physical and psychological problems,
family history of dissociative disorder, history of abuse, and differences in
writing and drawing styles. Research on the effectiveness of various treatment
methods is limited. 34 references.
KEY TERMS: dissociation; defense mechanisms; trauma;
sequelae; symptoms; psychological evaluation; multiple personality disorder; therapeutic intervention
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
TITLE: Child
Abuse Crimes: Computer Crimes (Current through December 31, 1999): New Mexico.
INST. AUTHOR: U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES;
NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE ON CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT INFORMATION; NATIONAL CENTER FOR PROSECUTION OF CHILD
ABUSE
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1994
JOURNAL TITLE: Crimes
Number 36
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, Administration for Children and
Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children's
Bureau; NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE ON CHILD
ABUSE AND NEGLECT INFORMATION, 330 C Street, SW, Washington, DC, 20447, (703)
385-7565, Outside Metropolitan Area: (800) FYI-3366; NATIONAL CENTER FOR PROSECUTION OF CHILD ABUSE, 99 Canal Center
Plaza, Suite 510, Alexandria, VA, 22314, (703) 739-0321
SOURCE: In:
Computer Crimes
KEY TERMS: Statute; New Mexico;
Abuse; Child; Child Abuse; Child Abuse Crimes;
Computer Crimes; second degree
felony; third degree felony
PUBLICATION TYPE: Statutes
INTERNET URL: http://www.ndaa-apri.org
TITLE: The
Role of Aversion in Covert Sensitization Treatment of Pedophilia: A Case Report.
AUTHOR: Stava,
L.; Levin, S. M.; Schwanz, C.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1993
JOURNAL TITLE: Journal
of Child Sexual Abuse
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Mendota
Mental Health Institute, Madison, WI.
SOURCE: 2(3):
pp. 1-13; Binghamton, NY, Haworth Press,
Inc., 1993
ABSTRACT: This
article presents the findings of a case study in which a cognitive-behavioral
procedure, covert sensitization, was used to treat a man with strong pedophilic
tendencies. The hypothesis tested was that the effectiveness of covert
sensitization depends on aversion imagery and
not distraction or habituation. The experiment employed visual and audio
stimuli and aversion imagery with the results being measured by penile
reaction along with the subject's self-report. The results indicated that
aversion imagery was more effective than neutral imagery in reducing penile erection to children. In addition,
repeated presentation of the deviant stimulus did not significantly decrease
sexual arousal, indicating that habituation was not a factor. It was suggested
that factors other than aversiveness might have accounted for the results.
Future research is required to isolate and test the effects of these variables.
7 references, 1 table and 3 figures. (Author abstract)
KEY TERMS: pedophilia; sex offenders; treatment; treatment
evaluation; experimental programs; sex offenders therapy; treatment
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.haworthpressinc.com
TITLE: Counseling
the Families of Abused and Neglected Children.
AUTHOR: Jenkins,
M.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1993
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Department
of Human Services, Majuro (Marshall Islands).
SOURCE: In: A
Step for a Change: Building an Aware and Caring Community. Pacific Basin Child
Protection Initiative Project, Training Conference Report, April 26-29, 1993.,
1993; pp. 14-16
ABSTRACT: This
paper presents a summary of a presentation that focused on the role of child
protective services and on cultural attitudes toward child abuse and neglect in
the Marshall Islands. A historical perspective on child protective services is
briefly presented and characteristics that make child protective services
models effective are listed. The cultural factors associated with how the
people of the Marshall Islands come to terms with child abuse and neglect were
illustrated using a story-telling and imagery
technique.
KEY TERMS: trust
territories; child protective
services; child protection
organizations; cultural values; cultural factors; cultural sensitivity
PUBLICATION TYPE: Proceedings
Paper
INTERNET URL: http://www.calib.com/nccanch
TITLE: Multiple
Personality Disorder in Children.
INST. AUTHOR: Virginia
Dept. of Social Services, Richmond. Child Protective Services Unit.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1993
JOURNAL TITLE: Virginia
Child Protection Newsletter
SOURCE: 41: pp.
1-7; James Madison Univ., Harrisonburg,
VA. Dept. of Psychology, Winter 1993
ABSTRACT: This
article describes the clinical features of multiple personality disorder (MPD)
in children, commonly thought to be caused by abuse or trauma at an early age;
it includes a brief history of MPD. Childhood MPD and related dissociative
disorders are difficult to discern, especially if one uses the DSM-III-R
criteria designed for adults. Amnesia and trance-like states are more common in
children with MPD than in adults so diagnosed; imaginary friends are considered more common and normal in children
than adults. Personalities are less clearly defined in children, and standard
psychological tests, mainly developed for adults, help little in the diagnosis.
Intervention should include removal from the stress inducer and reporting of
the potential for abuse to authorities. Treatment should consist of providing a
safe, nurturing environment; forming a therapeutic alliance; modifying behavior
as needed; systematic meeting of alters; integrating alters; and
postintegration therapy and followup. Names and addresses of helpful
organizations are given in the margins.
KEY TERMS: diagnoses; therapists role; dissociation; mental
disorders; psychological stress; sequelae;
personality disorders; multiple
personality disorder
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
TITLE: Play
Therapy in Action: A Casebook for Practitioners.
AUTHOR: Kottman,
T. (Editor).; Schaefer, C. E. (Editor).
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1993
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Northern
Iowa Univ. Dept. of Counselor Education.
SOURCE: Northvale,
NJ, Jason Aronson Inc., 1993; 621 pp.
ABSTRACT: Eighteen
descriptive articles on play therapy offer actual case examples of concrete
therapy applications as practiced by professional therapists. Step-by-step
guidelines offer insight into modern uses of play therapy to resolve childhood
challenges, such as internalizing, externalizing, and posttraumatic situations.
Each article includes a brief section on the introduction to and history of the
particular theory, the presenting problem and background, theoretical
conceptualizations, the process of play therapy, results and follow-up, and
discussion. References for further study are included in each article. Articles
highlight play therapies based on family, Adler, imagery interaction, ecosystem, time-limited, gestalt,
cognitive-behavior, psychodynamics, and games. Therapies include child only as
well as family and adult play therapy. The collection is aimed specifically at
students of psychotherapy as well as practicing therapists in social work,
psychology, and counseling. Numerous references and figures.
KEY TERMS: psychotherapy; play therapy; sequelae; child
development; posttraumatic stress
disorder; family therapy; childrens therapy
PUBLICATION TYPE: Book
TITLE: The
Orphaned Element of the Adoptive Experience.
AUTHOR: Childs,
R.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1993
JOURNAL TITLE: Adoption
Therapist
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Family
Center Pact Team, Somerville, MA.
SOURCE: 4(1):
pp. 1-4, 15; Hope Cottage Adoption
Center, Dallas, TX., Spring 1993
ABSTRACT: This
article, written by a psychotherapist with experience treating those who are
adopted, focuses on the psychological trauma that some adopted individuals
feel. The archetypal experience of abandonment at the very beginning of one's
life, and the infant's experience of separation and loss act to determine the
shape of the adopted individual's life. The author explains the therapeutic
approach he uses in treating adopted individuals, who commonly feel anguished
by an orphaned element within themselves. The author helps adopted individuals
explore their emotions and internal experiences using dreams, fantasy, and
active imagination, and describes the analysis of two dreams
as examples.
KEY TERMS: abandonment; trauma;
psychological needs;
psychological aspects;
psychotherapy
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
TITLE: Somewhere
Out There: Parental Claiming in the Preadoption Waiting Period.
AUTHOR: Sandelowski,
M.; Harris, B. G.; Holditch-Davis, D.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1993
JOURNAL TITLE: Journal
of Contemporary Ethnography
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: North
Carolina Univ., Chapel Hill. Dept. of Women's and Children's Health.
SOURCE: 21(4):
pp. 487-506; Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage
Publications, Inc., January 1993
ABSTRACT: This
article describes the process of parental claiming in the pre-adoption waiting
period, expressed in multiple interviews conducted with 35 infertile couples
waiting to adopt a child. Interviews with these couples suggested that, in
staking their claim, adoptive couples engaged in cultural presumptions and even
prejudices concerning real parents and children and concerning the real
differences that exist between adoption and childbearing. Differences between
adoptive parents and childbearing couples are contrasted. Interviews revealed
the imagining adoptive couples engaged in regarding
their future child's conception and birth parents and imagining from selection criteria, as well as imaging from photos
and histories provided to them. Vagaries of construction are described, showing
great variety. Staking a claim behavior is described among adoptive couples
through tactics such as unblooding the tie (undermining the primacy of the
blood tie), and righting claims, i.e., why they are the right couple for the
child. Conclusions suggest that the pre- adoption waiting period is as
potentially rich a period of anticipation for a child as is pregnancy; adopting
couples worked to making the process as natural as possible, despite
confronting social issues that childbearing and fertile couples could afford to
ignore, and that adoptive couples have more than one model from which to draw
in staking their claims. Five notes, numerous references.
KEY TERMS: adoption; preplacement programs; research;
waiting parents
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com/
TITLE: Transfer
of Training--As Critical as Teaching Skills.
AUTHOR: Beland,
K.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1992
JOURNAL TITLE: Committee
for Children Prevention Update
SOURCE: pp.
1-2, Winter 1992
ABSTRACT: This
article discusses transfer of training, the process by which students apply
their new skills in real-life situations. Transfer of training, the end goal of
any prevention program, does not naturally occur for most programs. A model is
presented that provides a framework for targeting transfer of training. It
consists of a 3-point plan: imagine the day, reinforce the behavior, and
remember the day. Little preparation is required for this transfer of training
model. Facilitating transfer of training is as important as teaching the
concepts and skills. When children recognize natural reinforcement, they become
less dependent on adults for approval and rewards, and they develop
self-confidence. 4 references.
KEY TERMS: prevention; prevention programs; models;
program evaluation
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
TITLE: Accepting
Parental Responsibility: Future Questioning as a Means to Avoid Foster Home
Placement of Children.
AUTHOR: MacDonald,
G. D.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1992
JOURNAL TITLE: Child
Welfare
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Child
and Family Services of Central Manitoba, Carman (Canada).
SOURCE: 71(1):
pp. 3-17; Washington, DC, Child Welfare
League of America, Inc., January-February 1992
ABSTRACT: This
article describes the successful application of a technique called future
questioning, a means to avoid foster home placement of children. Placement
planning coupled with future questioning has been successful in reengaging
families where parents have moved toward abdicating their parenting
responsibilities. By imagining the consequences of their intended
solution in a future time, many families are able to reorganize their lives in
the present. In Child and Family Services of Central Manitoba, this technique
has proven useful in blocking unnecessary placements and encouraging conflict
resolution within the family. Parents who contact the agency seeking foster
home placement for their child are immediately offered a counseling
alternative. If the parents decline, a placement worker is assigned to them to
facilitate their child's transition and the family is told that there will be a
series of 4 preplacement planning sessions. Two case reports illustrate this
technique. 10 references.
KEY TERMS: placement; permanency planning; foster homes; treatment programs;
parenting; family counseling
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.cwla.org
TITLE: Religious
Denominational Policies on Sexuality.
AUTHOR: Bullis,
R. K.; Harrigan, M. P.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1992
JOURNAL TITLE: Families
In Society
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Virginia
Commonwealth Univ., Richmond. School of Social Work.
SOURCE: 73(5):
pp. 304-312; Milwaukee, WI, Families
International, Inc., May 1992
ABSTRACT: In
an effort to integrate religious thought and clinical practice, this paper
describes selected theological positions on sexual behavior taken by American
denominations and religious groups. The authors assert that an understanding,
if not an appreciation, of such diverse religious and theological policies can
assist in both assessment and intervention. They conclude that practitioners
with a working knowledge of their clients' religious traditions can use
religious imagery, prayer, and the clergy in their
interventions. (Author abstract)
KEY TERMS: sexuality; social workers; ethics; evaluation; intervention
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
TITLE: Witness
and Victim of Multiple Abuses. Collaborative Treatment of 10-Year-Old Randy in
a Residential Treatment Center.
AUTHOR: Doyle,
J. S.; Stoop, D.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1991
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Berea
Children's Home, OH.
SOURCE: In:
Webb, N. B. (Editor). Play Therapy With Children in Crisis. A Casebook for
Practitioners. New York, NY, Guilford Press, 1991; pp. 111-140
ABSTRACT: This
chapter presents the case of a 10-year-old black boy, diagnosed with
posttraumatic stress disorder, who suffered severe abuse and torture and
experienced numerous out-of-home placements. The child's inability to cope with
these traumas caused him to exhibit dangerous and dysfunctional symptoms and
behaviors and resulted in his placement in a secure residential treatment
facility. Play therapy with this child included the use of puppets, masks, a
cartoon lifeline, guided imagery, and warm-up exercises. Case information
presented includes family data, the presenting problem, a summary of the
child's first interview with the therapist, a preliminary assessment of and
treatment plan for the child, and summaries of and excerpts from various
sessions. In addition, play therapy materials are listed, and study questions
are presented. Appendices show a cartoon lifeline and a fire puppet. 12
references and numerous illustrations.
KEY TERMS: childrens
therapy; case reports; posttraumatic stress disorder; child behavior; play therapy; case
assessment; physical abuse; ritual abuse
PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter
in Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.guilford.com
TITLE: A
Personal Construct Approach to Art Therapy in the Treatment of Post Sexual
Abuse Trauma.
AUTHOR: Peacock,
M. E.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1991
JOURNAL TITLE: American
Journal of Art Therapy
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Jefferson
Hospital, Jeffersonville, IN.
SOURCE: 29(4):
pp. 100-109; Norwich Univ., Montpelier,
VT. Vermont Coll., May 1991
ABSTRACT: This
article presents a case study of a 40-year-old white female admitted to a
private psychiatric facility for treatment of depression. The purpose of the
study was to observe and measure changes in the client and to demonstrate the
effectiveness of art therapy in the treatment of postsexual abuse trauma
(PSAT). The hypothesis in this case study was that art therapy would facilitate
increased awareness and expression of feelings, and would alleviate anxiety,
depression, and low self-esteem. Personal construct psychology provided a framework
for assessment and treatment. Results show that, through art therapy, the
client addressed intrusive imagery, released repressed affect related to
childhood trauma, reframed and integrated abreacted material, and achieved
increased self-awareness and control. Results also indicate positive changes in
all areas except depression, but art changes and subjective observation suggest
changes in that area as well. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of art
therapy and personal construct theory. 26 references and 12 figures. (Author
abstract modified)
KEY TERMS: art
therapy; sexual abuse; trauma;
adults abused as children;
sequelae; case studies; individual therapy; symptoms
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.bellhowell.infolearning.com
TITLE: Developmental
Comparisons of Explicit Versus Implicit Imagery and
Reality Monitoring.
AUTHOR: Foley,
M. A.; Durso, F. T.; Wilder, A.;
Friedman, R.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1991
JOURNAL TITLE: Journal
of Experimental Child Psychology
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Skidmore
College, Saratoga Springs, NY.
SOURCE: 51: pp.
1-13; New York, NY, Academic Press,
Inc., 1991
ABSTRACT: This
article examines reality monitoring, a decision process involved in
discriminating perceptual memories from those which are self-generated. The
present studies compare the effects of spontaneous, implicit imagery generation and controlled, explicit imagery generation on the reality monitoring decisions of children
and adults. Six-year-old, 9-year-old, and adult subjects were shown pictures
and words; they were asked to give the object's function or to create an image
of each object. When deciding later whether each object was presented as a
picture or word, subjects were more likely to claim that a word was presented
as a picture than conversely. This confusion was evident for simple and complex
perceptual materials and extended across 3 age groups. Results indicate that
the absence of developmental differences in reality monitoring previously
reported is not due simply to the type of imagery
involved, and that the representational processes of children and adults are
more alike than is commonly believed. 28 references, 2 tables, and 1 figure.
(Author abstract)
KEY TERMS: decision
making; cognitive development; perception;
perceptual development; child
development; biosocial theories
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.apnet.com
TITLE: Psychical
Transformations by a Child of Incest.
AUTHOR: Apprey,
M.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1991
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Virginia
Univ. School of Medicine, Charlottesville.
SOURCE: In:
Kramer, S. and Akhtar, S. (Editors). The Trauma of Transgression. Psychotherapy
of Incest Victims. Northvale, NJ, Jason Aronson Inc., 1991; pp. 115-147
ABSTRACT: This
chapter on psychical transformations discusses the observations that
psychoanalytic practitioners must make about the mode in which a patient's
history is conveyed, the arrangement of stable mental imagery to mediate discontinuities and gaps in this history, and
the way in which psychical arrangements and rearrangements become part of the
ego's task. The concept of mystification is considered, and a tool, known as
the system of mutual implications, for understanding how patients fill in
epistemic gaps is described. Ambitendent tropes or figurations underlying a
system of mutual implications in the story of incest are identified, including
the juxtaposition of the smallness of the child to his or her interest in the
sexuality of adults, the juxtaposition of the physical strength of the adult
incest perpetrator to his or her emotional weakness or emotional immaturity,
and the juxtaposition of the actual occurrence of incest with theory. A case
report involving a pregnant 16-year-old whose main concern was to find her
biological father is presented. This adolescent, unbeknownst to her, was 1 of 3
children who were the products of a long-term incestuous relationship between
their mother and their uncle. The adolescent had a personal theory to fill in
the gaps in her sense of self-continuity. This theory revolved around the
fantasy that light-skinned blacks must not be trusted because they are sneaky.
The juxtapositions in the system of mutual implications illustrated by this
case are discussed. 19 references.
KEY TERMS: incest; child development; psychoanalysis; case
reports; adolescent pregnancy; psychoanalytic theories; therapeutic effectiveness
PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter
in Book
TITLE: Storytelling,
Hypnosis, and the Treatment of Sexually Abused Children.
AUTHOR: Rhue, J.
W.; Lynn, S. J.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1991
JOURNAL TITLE: International
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Ohio
Univ., Athens. College of Osteopathic Medicine.
SOURCE: 39(4):
pp. 198-214; Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage
Publications, Inc., October 1991
ABSTRACT: This
article describes an assessment and therapy program for sexually abused
children using hypnotherapeutic techniques that center on storytelling.
Storytelling presents the therapist with an opportunity to use comforting
suggestions, symbolism, and metaphor to provide the emotional distance
necessary to deal with the trauma of abuse. Hypnotherapy proceeds in a stepwise
manner from the building of a sense of safety and security, to imaginative sharing, to the introduction of reality
events, to the final step of addressing complex emotional issues of loss,
trust, love, and guilt brought about by the abuse. Throughout the process, the
therapist emphasizes connection making and is aware and respectful of the
child's resistance and need for support to explore the trauma. The transcript
from portions of two therapeutic sessions with a sexually abused 8-year-old
girl is presented to illustrate how a variety of storytelling techniques can be
used to modulate affect, foster perceptions of control and mastery, and facilitate
the entry into previously unexplored areas of inquiry. 58 references. (Author
abstract modified)
KEY TERMS: sexual
abuse; childrens therapy; hypnotherapy; case reports; treatment; trauma
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com
TITLE: Voices
From the Silence: Use of Imagery With Incest Survivors.
AUTHOR: Hyde, N.
D.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1990
SOURCE: In:
Laidlaw, T. A., Malmo, C., and Associates. Healing Voices. Feminist Approaches
to Therapy With Women. //Jossey-Bass Social and Behavioral Science Series//.
San Francisco, CA, Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1990; pp. 163-193
ABSTRACT: This
chapter focuses on the use of imaging in psychotherapy with female incest
survivors. A brief overview of imagery literature
is given. The use of feminist theory as a frame for clinical practice is
discussed. Issues that therapists must consider in introducing and using imagery with incest survivors are reviewed. Dealing with
flashbacks, guided imagery, nondirective imagery, and summoning internal allies for healing are described.
Clients' reactions to imagery are described. 26 references.
KEY TERMS: sexual
abuse; incest; treatment;
psychotherapy; victims; adults abused as children; therapists role
PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter
in Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.josseybass.com
TITLE: Legal
Response to Child Sexual Abuse in Day Care.
AUTHOR: Williams,
L. M.; Farrell, R. A.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1990
JOURNAL TITLE: Criminal
Justice and Behavior
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: New
Hampshire Univ., Durham. Family Research Lab.
SOURCE: 17(3):
pp. 284-302; Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage
Publications, Inc., September 1990
ABSTRACT: This
article describes a study that focused on the effects of offense characteristics
on the legal response to alleged incidents of child sexual abuse in day care. A
sample of 43 alleged incidents of sexual abuse in day care was analyzed to
examine whether cases fitting the popular stereotype of child molestation were
more likely to elicit a formal response, whereas those at variance with the imagery required that aggravating conditions be present before
formal actions were taken. Results point to the combined importance of the race
and sex of the victim, number of victims, type of sex act, and the sex of the
alleged perpetrator in decisions to arrest and convict offenders in cases of
child sexual abuse in day care. Offenses resulting in arrest generally involved
white children and oral sex acts. Cases involving only black girls resulted in
arrest only where oral sex by an offender designated as a pedophile was
alleged. In offenses involving male victims, the influence of oral sex acts on
the decision to arrest appeared to be related to the sex of the perpetrator,
and oral sex seemed to be necessary for an arrest to occur in more ambiguous
situations when the perpetrator was female. Similar results emerged in the
analysis of the determinants of conviction. In fact, all the configurations
resulting in conviction involved oral sex with multiple white girls. In
addition, the presence of force was required to obtain convictions of females
and pedophiles. The absence of force and oral sex seemed to have militated
against conviction in cases involving lone boys, black girls, and female
perpetrators. This overall pattern of decisionmaking supports the argument
concerning the operation of an offense stereotype in legal decisionmaking. 29
references and 5 tables. (Author abstract modified)
KEY TERMS: sexual
abuse; decision making; child abuse research; day care programs; demography; arrests
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com
TITLE: The
Specific Vulnerability of Children.
AUTHOR: Summit,
R. C.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1990
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Harbor-UCLA
Medical Center, Torrance, CA. Community Consultative Service.
SOURCE: In:
Oates, R. K. (Editor). Understanding and Managing Child Sexual Abuse. Sydney
(Australia), Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich Group Pty Limited., 1990; pp. 59-74
ABSTRACT: This
chapter examines the vulnerability of children and how adults can understand
and protect that vulnerability. Adults need to stop denying the existence of
sexual abuse so that they can identify offenders and protect their children. It
is difficult for protective adults to imagine a
situation in which another adult takes advantage of a vulnerable child. Adults
hesitate to believe a disclosure of abuse, as demonstrated in court procedures
that question the accuracy of children's accusations. The fit among children,
child molesters, and unprotective adults is described, emphasizing the need to
create an environment of protection and trust for children.
KEY TERMS: sexual
abuse; characteristics of abused; characteristics of abuser; psychological characteristics
PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter
in Book
TITLE: Vicarious
Traumatization: The Emotional Costs of Working with Survivors.
AUTHOR: McCann,
L.; Pearlman, L. A.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1990
JOURNAL TITLE: APSAC
Advisor
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Traumatic
Stress Institute
SOURCE: 3(4):
pp. 3-4; Chicago, IL, American
Professional Society on the Abuse of Children, Fall 1990
ABSTRACT: This
article uses Constructivist Self Development Theory to explain how therapists
can be traumatized themselves while treating survivors of child sexual and
physical abuse. Vicarious traumatization can cause disruptions in identity and
frame of reference schemas, disruptions in central psychological needs and
related cognitive schemas, and disruptions in imagery.
To counteract these effects, therapists are advised to share their feelings
with other trauma therapists and balance trauma work with other activities.
They should take care of themselves by setting limits during work time and
sharing love and fun with friends and family in their personal life. Therapists
should be realistic about what they can accomplish and acknowledge their
achievements. 5 references.
KEY TERMS: therapists; trauma;
professional personnel;
professional training
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.apsac.org
TITLE: Getting
Around the Boulder in the Road: Using Imagery to
Cope with Fertility Problems.
AUTHOR: Zoldbrod,
A. P.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1990
SOURCE: Center
for Reproductive Problems, Lexington, MA, February 1990; 25 pp.
ABSTRACT: This
guide is targeted towards fertility counselors and infertile couples. The
author maintains that mental imagery can
regulate a person's emotions. She advocates a method of stress control which
consists of presenting oneself with soothing images that will help decrease
upsetting images. The author suggests six ways to acquire more positive imagery: practice, relax, concentrate, use all of the senses, use
present tense, lie down. She asks her subjects to analyze their spontaneous imagery in order to understand it. She offers a series of
exercises to help couples explore their feelings, and exercises for exploring
the alternatives of child-free living and adoption through imagery. The author believes imagery
to be an important tool for self-exploration and healing.
KEY TERMS: infertility; guidelines;
treatment; emotional problems
PUBLICATION TYPE: Booklet
TITLE: The
Response of Young, Non-Sexually Abused Children to Anatomically Correct Dolls.
AUTHOR: Glaser,
D.; Collins, C.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1989
JOURNAL TITLE: Journal
of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Guy's
Hospital, London (England). Dept. of Child Psychiatry.
SOURCE: 30(4):
pp. 547-560; New York, NY, Elsevier
Science, Inc., July 1989
ABSTRACT: This
article presents a study in which 91 children aged 3 to 6 years were observed
and videotaped playing with anatomically correct dolls in unstructured play
settings, with parental permission. The children's emotional, behavioral, and
overall play responses were rated. Results show that, although the dolls'
differences from other dolls were clearly noticed, they did not traumatize the
children, most of whom incorporated the dolls in imaginative play. Only 5 children's play with the
dolls showed any sexualized quality; in 3 the source of sexual knowledge became
apparent. Whereas the absence of sexualized play does not reliably exclude
abuse, explicit sexual play with the dolls may well arise from previous
exposure to explicit sexual information or activity. 7 tables. (Author abstract
modified)
KEY TERMS: anatomical
dolls; play; child behavior; sexual
abuse; preschool children; case assessment
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.elsevier.com
TITLE: Relapse
Rehearsal.
AUTHOR: Hall, R.
L.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1989
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Florida
State Dept. of Corrections, Tallahassee.
SOURCE: In:
Laws, D. R. (Editor). Relapse Prevention With Sex Offenders. New York, NY,
Guilford Press, 1989; pp. 197-215
ABSTRACT: This
chapter discusses the technique of relapse rehearsal, focusing on preparing the
patient for lapses, which include fantasies and urges about deviant sexual
behavior, and teaching the patient to cope with lapses to prevent them from
escalating to relapses. An example of a relapse rehearsal is presented. Late in
therapy, the patient is asked to talk aloud about an imaginary high-risk situation and his response. Advice is given on
managing and interpreting this procedure, and the overall efficacy of relapse
rehearsal is discussed. 12 references and 1 figure.
KEY TERMS: sex
offenders therapy; coping skills; case reports; risk; sex offenders; prevention;
recidivism
PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter
in Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.guilford.com
TITLE: Sexual
Abuse of Boys by Males: Theoretical and Treatment Implications.
AUTHOR: Pescosolido,
F. J.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1989
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: East
Side Center, Providence, RI.
SOURCE: In:
Sgroi, S. M. Vulnerable Populations. Sexual Abuse Treatment for Children, Adult
Survivors, Offenders, and Persons With Mental Retardation. Volume 2. Lexington,
MA, Lexington Books, 1989; pp. 85-109
ABSTRACT: This
chapter uses the concept of grounded theory to explore the relationship between
clinical observations and theoretical conceptualization of the emotional
effects of male same-sex molestation on the victim. Impact issues focus on
gender identity confusion, body imagery,
intimacy impairment with males and females, depression, self-destructive
manifestations, traumatic rage, aggression, hypervigilance toward males, and
guilt. Treatment implications for males sexually abused by other males are
discussed, with an emphasis on the individual and group psychotherapy phases of
treatment. 50 references and 1 table.
KEY TERMS: sexual
abuse; male victims; male rape;
sequelae; gender identity; aggression;
individual therapy; group
therapy
PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter
in Book
TITLE: Discriminating
Between Memories: Evidence for Children's Spontaneous Elaborations.
AUTHOR: Foley,
M. A.; Santini, C.; Sopasakis, M.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1989
JOURNAL TITLE: Journal
of Experimental Child Psychology
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Skidmore
College, Saratoga Springs, NY.
SOURCE: 48: pp.
146-169; New York, NY, Academic Press,
Inc., 1989
ABSTRACT: Children
are more confused than adults about memories for what they said and what they
imagined saying. This article examines the extent to which this confusion is
related to the person that subjects imagine. Four
experiments were conducted. In the first, children and adult subjects said
words and imagined someone (themselves, a parent, or a friend) saying other
words. They were then asked to distinguish words they said from words they
imagined. Performance varied with age and with the person subjects imagined.
Further, performance was better for words subjects imagined than for words they
said. Metamemory responses indicated subjects of all ages remembered
elaborative processing activated spontaneously during imagination when discriminating between memories. In
experiments where the nature of subjects' encodings was constrained,
performance declined for all age groups. Other experiments suggest that
elaborations reported in response to metamemory questions occurred during imagination and were not solely prompted by the
metamemory questions. 36 references and 5 tables. (Author abstract modified)
KEY TERMS: decision
making; cognitive development; perception;
perceptual development; child
development; biosocial theories
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.apnet.com
TITLE: Recovering
From Incest. Imagination and the Healing Process.
AUTHOR: Kane, E.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1989
SOURCE: Boston,
MA, Sigo Press, 1989; 242 pp.
ABSTRACT: This
book examines the psychological effects of incest, using examples of mythology,
religion, literature on incest, and real-life case studies. The process of
imaginal therapy and interpretations of significant images and dreams are
discussed. Incest is described as resulting in a denial of feeling and imagination in the perpetrator as well as the victim.
Victims retreat into a fantasy world and can only be healed when they are ready
to cope with images that have been buried for so long. A list of resources for
information about incest and sexual abuse is provided. Numerous references.
KEY TERMS: incest; psychological needs; individual therapy; psychotherapy; sequelae
PUBLICATION TYPE: Book
TITLE: Debate
Forum. Issue Continued: Anatomically Correct Dolls: Should They Be Used as the
Basis for Expert Testimony?
AUTHOR: Yates,
A.; Terr, L.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1988
JOURNAL TITLE: Journal
of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Arizona
Univ., Tucson. College of Medicine.
SOURCE: 27(3):
pp. 387-388; Baltimore, MD, Lippincott
Williams and Wilkins, May 1988
ABSTRACT: Two
decisions by the California Supreme Court of Appeals in 1987 have made it
difficult to admit evidence in child sexual abuse cases based on the use of
anatomically correct dolls. Continuing a debate begun in the March 1988 issue
of this magazine, Dr. Alayne Yates argues for the continued use of anatomically
correct dolls even though their value has not been established. Only continued
use and evaluation can determine their real value. For the time being, they can
be an aid to other interview techniques and may help professionals better
advise the courts. Dr. Lenore Terr argues that the demand inherent in asking
the child to play with these explicit toys makes the technique too vulnerable
to suggestion to be used in court. The child, while playing, can be ruined as a
witness. It is better to bar evidence inspired by anatomically correct dolls
because the imagery they cause may be as vivid and
long-lasting as that caused by hypnosis, also not admissible in court. 2
references. (Author abstract modified)
KEY TERMS: sexual
abuse; child witnesses; testimony;
courts; anatomical dolls; evaluation methods; expert testimony
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.wwilkins.com
TITLE: Group
Treatment of Sexual Abuse Among Women With Eating Disorders.
AUTHOR: Kearney-Cooke,
A.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1988
JOURNAL TITLE: Women
and Therapy
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Cincinnati
Univ., OH. Eating Disorders Clinic.
SOURCE: 7(1):
pp. 5-21; Binghamton, NY, Haworth
Press, Inc., 1988
ABSTRACT: Ways
in which sexual victimization may contribute to the development of bulimia are
considered, and an experiential treatment program is described. The negative
self-esteem resulting from abuse can take extreme forms of self-destructive
behavior towards the body, as exemplified by bulimia. The intensive treatment
program for bulimia consists of a 3.5 week stay in which patients attend the
Eating Disorders Clinic for 6 to 8 hours of body image, group, and individual
therapy each weekday. Goals of the body image therapy are to reconstruct each
individual's history of body image development; correct distortions of body
image; and create a more positive body image. Group treatment for abusive
experiences includes guided imagery, sculpting of images, describing sexual
traumas, and reenactment of sexual abuse. Patients are then seen in individual
therapy to further explore sexual abuse. Substantial gains are made when
interventions designed to treat sexual abuse are included in a comprehensive
program addressing the problem of bulimia. 14 references.
KEY TERMS: sexual
abuse; treatment; group therapy; programs; treatment
programs; eating habits; body image
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.haworthpressinc.com
TITLE: Treatment
of Adult Survivors of Childhood Sexual Assault: Imagery Within a Systemic Framework.
AUTHOR: Siegel,
D. R.; Romig, C. A.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1988
JOURNAL TITLE: American
Journal of Family Therapy
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Catholic
Social Service, Danville, IL.
SOURCE: 16(3):
pp. 229-242; Levittown, PA, Taylor and
Francis, Inc., Fall 1988
ABSTRACT: Therapists
increasingly encounter the needs of adult survivors of childhood sexual assault
as a primary therapeutic issue or as part of some other presenting complaint; a
summary of the common emotional and relational dynamics is presented within a
systemic framework. A 5-step guided imagery model
is offered as an effective method of intervening. The client is led through imagining the face of the person with whom he or she is emotionally
struggling through recognition of the emotional intensity attached to the
person and verbalization of the client's somatic response. The last step of the
imagery process allows the survivor to release
emotions that have been present for years. A case study illustrates the
application of the model. Successful therapy has significant impact on the
family-of-origin relationships as well as present relationships, so cautions in
using the imagery model are presented. 23 references.
(Author abstract modified)
KEY TERMS: adults
abused as children; sequelae; sexual abuse; therapeutic effectiveness;
treatment; models; emotional response
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
TITLE: Evidence--Tender
Years Exception--New Jersey Supreme Court Substantively Upholds the Appellate
Court's Creation of a Tender Years Exception, Admitting Out-of-Court Statements
by Sexually Abused Children Into Evidence, but Rejects the Appellate Court's
Modification Procedure.
AUTHOR: Proffitt,
T.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1988
JOURNAL TITLE: Rutgers
Law Journal
SOURCE: 20(1):
pp. 295-316; Rutgers Univ. School of
Law, Newark, Fall 1988
ABSTRACT: The
soundness of the New Jersey Supreme Court's reasoning and holding in State v.
D.R., as well as the court's proposed amendment to New Jersey Evidence Rule 63,
are analyzed. Difficulties courts experience in applying this new hearsay
exception are illustrated in an objective manner. The supreme court is
applauded for recognizing the need for a new hearsay exception providing for the
substantive admission of out-of-court statements made by sexually abused
children. However, by neglecting to require a list of factors to be considered
by the judge when determining the reliability of corroborative evidence, and by
neglecting to require a written opinion, the supreme court has permitted
excessive judicial discretion in applying the proposed hearsay exception. The
potential result may be uneven application. A rule is needed mandating that
certain factors be considered, such as the child's vocabulary regarding the
sexual incident, the child's power of imagination,
and the child's bias against the defendant. The judge should also clearly
delineate in his written opinion the factors he considered in determining if
the corroborative evidence was sufficient. 139 references.
KEY TERMS: new
jersey; testimony; evidence;
courts; sexual abuse; child witnesses
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.camlaw.rutgers.edu/publications/lawjournal/
TITLE: Child-Witnesses:
Can They Be Trusted? Will They Be Harmed?
INST. AUTHOR: Hastings
Center Report.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1987
JOURNAL TITLE: Hastings
Center Report
SOURCE: 17(3):
p. 4; Briarcliff Manor, NY, Hastings
Center, June 1987
ABSTRACT: The
issue of whether or not child witnesses should be used in court cases involving
child sexual abuse is examined; in addition, factors influencing the
reliability of their testimony are explained. Testifying in court can be
extremely traumatic for victims of sexual abuse, particularly for young
children. Procedures for lessening the harmful effects of appearing in court
are outlined. In regard to the second point, children can be led into
falsifying facts by overeager prosecutors or may be misled by a vivid imagination, particularly in the case of charges
against parents, since children often have sexual fantasies involving their
parents. On the other hand, children often are able to recall in great detail a
stressful incident such as molestation, and thus make good witnesses.
Individual children should be assessed for their ability to discern truth from
lies and for their emotional readiness to testify. 3 references.
KEY TERMS: child
witnesses; sexual abuse; competency;
testimony; rights of accused; trials;
trauma; legal processes
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.bellhowell.infolearning.com
TITLE: Myths
and Facts About Sexual Assault and Child Sexual Abuse.
AUTHOR: Pellauer,
M. D.; Chester, B.; Boyajian, J. A.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1987
SOURCE: In:
Pellauer, M. D., Chester, B., and Boyajian, J. A. (Editors). Sexual Assault and
Abuse. A Handbook for Clergy and Religious Professionals. San Francisco, CA,
Harper and Row, 1987; pp. 5-9
ABSTRACT: To
help clergy and religious professionals deal with cases of child sexual abuse
and sexual assault, myths and facts about them are explored. Rape is not a rare
crime; most rape reports are true; and rape is not a spontaneous act of sexual
passion but rather a violent act using sex as a weapon. Rape can happen in any
type of community and to any type of woman. The rape assailant and the victim
are usually of the same socioeconomic and racial group. Child sexual abuse facts
are reviewed: the most common offender is a male known to the child; sexual
abuse of children usually develops over a long period of time; sexual abuse of
children is not rare, nor is it a creation of the child's imagination. Children must have information about the
possibility of sexual assault. Problems with therapy in intrafamilial sexual
abuse cases are reviewed.
KEY TERMS: sexual
abuse; clergy; guidelines;
myths; public awareness; sexual assault; stereotypes; rape
PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter
in Book
TITLE: Reality
Monitoring and Suggestibility: Children's Ability to Discriminate Among
Memories From Different Sources.
AUTHOR: Lindsay,
D. S.; Johnson, M. K.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1987
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Princeton
Univ., NJ. Dept. of Psychology.
SOURCE: In:
Ceci, S. J., Toglia, M. P., and Ross, D. F. (Editors). Children's Eyewitness
Memory. New York, NY, Springer-Verlag, 1987;
pp. 92-121
ABSTRACT: This
chapter explores the theories and evidence relating to developments in children's
abilities to differentiate the sources of their experiences and memories. The
concept of reality monitoring is explained, and research on the development of
reality monitoring is briefly reviewed. The theories of Freud and Piaget as
they relate to the development of reality monitoring are discussed. Freudian
theory implies that young children may confuse fantasized and actual
experience, and Piagetian theory suggests that young children should have
difficulty distinguishing between memories of actual and imagined events.
Current views on children's ability to distinguish reality and fantasy are
examined. The implications of the commingling of reality and fantasy in
children's minds for children's reality monitoring are discussed. Published
research on children's reality monitoring is summarized. Results of these
published studies suggest that children as young as 6 years old performed as
well as adults when asked to determine the origin of a memory of an event,
except when they were required to distinguish between memories of imagined and
actual actions. Limitations of these studies as they relate to eyewitness
testimony are identified, including the artificial nature of the stimulus
materials and procedures and the process involved in imagining an event on demand. In addition, research on the problem
of separating memories of witnessing an event from memories of other sources of
information pertaining to the same event, known as external-source monitoring,
is reviewed. Numerous references.
KEY TERMS: child
witnesses; memory; testimony;
preschool children; school
children; psychological studies; psychological theories; child development
PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter
in Book
TITLE: Storytelling
in Therapy and Counseling.
AUTHOR: Wynne,
E.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1987
JOURNAL TITLE: Children
Today
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Learning
and Language Specialists, Minneapolis, MN.
SOURCE: 16(2):
pp. 11-15; Administration for Children
and Families (DHHS), Washington, DC., March-April 1987
ABSTRACT: Storytelling
can be a useful tool in psychotherapy. The practitioner tells a story and is
answered in story form. This kind of therapy develops the imagination and can lead to important discussions. It
can be a way to help poor readers grow in self-esteem, friendship, and problem
solving. One variation is to tell parts of the story, letting the child fill in
the blanks, and then telling stories in turn. In Germany, Dr. Wolfdietrich
Sigmund tells his stories to 50-70 children at one time. They respond with
stories and discussion. The discussion brings up problems and possible
solutions.
KEY TERMS: bibliotherapy; child psychiatry; counseling; psychotherapy
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
TITLE: Effects
of Participant Modeling and Desensitization on Childhood Warm Water Phobia.
AUTHOR: Osborn,
E. L.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1986
JOURNAL TITLE: Journal
of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: University
of Southern Mississippi, Purvis.
SOURCE: 17(2):
pp. 117-118; New York, NY, Elsevier
Science, June 1986
ABSTRACT: A
6-year-old adoptee was phobic of warm water bathing as a result of being
scalded by his biological parents for misbehaving. The child did not respond to
play therapy and imagery. Parental participant modeling and
contact desensitization were then used to reduce the phobia. Fifteen-minute
daily bathing routines were established in which the child, cradled in the arms
of an adoptive parent remained in increasingly warmer and deeper water for
3-minute intervals. These procedures affected heat and depth tolerance to the
point where the subject was soon able to engage in the desired behavior without
parental participation. A 6-month follow-up observation found that the child
continued to bathe without displaying fear.
KEY TERMS: child
abuse; parenting; parental behavior; child psychiatry
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.elsevier.com
TITLE: The
Dynamics of Authority in Permanent Substitute Families.
AUTHOR: Russell,
J.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1986
JOURNAL TITLE: Adoption
and Fostering
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Strathclyde
Regional Council (Great Britain). Fostering and Adoption Disruption Research.
SOURCE: 10(3):
pp. 31-35; London (England), British
Agencies for Adoption and Fostering, 1986
ABSTRACT: This article is concerned with the place of authority within the permanent substitute family as it is related to the family's way of life. In the most fortunate of placements, common consent to basic family rules and emotional support for the life style of the substitute family prevail. No substitute family is permanently immune from a challenge to its authority, even though it may come to the surface only once in a while. The