TITLE: Enhancing
Children's Memory Through Cognitive Interviewing: An Assessment Technique for
Social Work Practice.
AUTHOR: Aldridge,
N. C.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
JOURNAL TITLE: Child
and Adolescent Social Work Journal
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Georgia
Univ., Athens. School of Social Work.
SOURCE: 16(2):
pp. 101-126; New York, NY, Kluwer
Academic-Human Sciences Press, April 1999
ABSTRACT: This
article summarizes current research on cognitive interviewing and discusses the
theoretical rationale for the use of the mnemonic strategies, the enhancement
in the cognitive interviewing technique, and the modifications and revisions
conducted from using the cognitive interview with children ages 7 to 12 years.
The cognitive interview is a memory retrieval procedure consisting of four
general retrievals mnemonics which was developed to assist police officers in
interviewing and interrogating witnesses. The cognitive interview has
been accepted as one of the most successful interview techniques used in
real-life investigations. The major conclusions drawn from the research are
that the cognitive interview can enhance the completeness and accuracy of
recollections by children and can offer a valuable technique for social workers
interviewing and evaluating children who are victims or witnesses to crimes. 86
references. (Author abstract)
KEY TERMS: memory; assessment;
cognitive interviews; child
witnesses; social workers; investigations; interviews; research
reviews
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.wkap.com
TITLE: FALSE
ALLEGATIONS AND FALSE MEMORY SYNDROME: Selected Articles.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
SOURCE: NCCAN
Annotated Bibliographies; 1999
KEY TERMS: false
memory syndrome; trauma; memory;
social policies; policy formation; political factors; public opinion; social
attitudes; dissociation; amnesia;
evidence; multiple personality
disorder; false allegations; neurology;
adults abused as children;
repression; validity; sexual abuse; research reviews; suggestibility; theories;
therapeutic intervention;
therapists role; research
methodology; psychotherapy; models;
mental health; child
witnesses; child development; literature reviews; individual characteristics; credibility
PUBLICATION TYPE: Annotated
Bibliography
INTRODUCTION: This
annotated bibliography is a product of the National Clearinghouse
on Child Abuse and Neglect Information. The references have been selected
from thousands of materials available in our database to provide you with
the most up-to-date information related to child victims, witnesses, and
perpetrators of violence.
This bibliography looks at prevention, intervention and treatment issues
in relation to the impacts of violence on children. It is presented in
three sections: children as victims of violence, children as witnesses of
violence, and children and adolescents as perpetrators of violence.
Although many references cover more than one subject area, each citation
is listed only once in this bibliography, primarily under its major
subject heading.
All documents in this bibliography are contained in the Clearinghouse
library and are referenced following the format of the American
Psychological Association (APA). Authors, titles, publication dates and
publishers are provided within this format for each reference. We are
not, however, able to provide photocopies of all materials due to
copyright restrictions. Copies of publications that are not copyrighted,
such as Government publications, grant reports, or unpublished papers,
are available from the Clearinghouse for a reproduction fee of $0.10 per
page. Journal articles and chapters in books are copyrighted and may be
found at research or university libraries.
Information Specialists can answer questions about copyright status and
ordering information, as well as guide you in selecting materials from
this bibliography or suggest other materials that may be useful to you.
In addition, Specialists are available to conduct customized searches
of Clearinghouse databases for a base fee of $5.00 plus $.20 per record.
For more information, please contact
National Clearinghouse on Child Abuse and Neglect Information
330 C St., SW
Washington, DC 20447
Tel.: (800)394-3366 or 703-385-7565
Fax: 703-385-3206
E-mail: nccanch@calib.com
INTERNET URL: http://www.calib.com/nccanch
TITLE: Child
Welfare Law Source Book.
INST. AUTHOR: Michigan
Univ., Ann Arbor. Child Welfare Law Resource Center.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1998
SOURCE: Michigan
Univ., Ann Arbor. Child Welfare Law Resource Center, 1998; 226 pp.
ABSTRACT: This
manual outlines Michigan state child welfare laws. Juvenile court rules,
miscellaneous court rules, probate code for juveniles, child protection laws,
rules of evidence, guardianship, ombudsman procedures, and foster care review
board activities are addressed. The child protection law defines abuse and
neglect, reporting requirements, evaluation procedures, confidentiality
considerations, fatality review team processes, investigations, interviews, legal
counsel of child, attorney-client privilege, and consequences for failure to
report. Rules of evidence describe requirements for admissible evidence, interrogation and presentation procedures, expert
witness testimony, hearsay, and functions of the court and jury.
KEY TERMS: child
welfare; michigan; state laws;
child protection laws; rules of
evidence; foster care; guardianship
PUBLICATION TYPE: Book
TITLE: Legislation
Limiting the Number of Interviews with Child Victims (Current through December
31, 1999): Florida.
INST. AUTHOR: U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES;
NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE ON CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT INFORMATION; NATIONAL CENTER FOR PROSECUTION OF CHILD
ABUSE
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1998
JOURNAL TITLE: Child
Witnesses Number 28
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
Administration for Children and Families Administration on Children, Youth and Families Children's Bureau; NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE ON CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT INFORMATION 330 C Street, SW, Washington, DC, 20447,
(703) 385-7565 Outside Metropolitan
Area: (800) FYI-3366; NATIONAL CENTER
FOR PROSECUTION OF CHILD ABUSE 99 Canal
Center Plaza, Suite 510, Alexandria, VA, 22314, (703) 739-0321
SOURCE: In:
Special Procedures in Criminal Child Abuse Cases
KEY TERMS: Statute; Florida;
Child; Legislation
PUBLICATION TYPE: Statutes
INTERNET URL: http://www.ndaa-apri.org
TITLE: Parental
Accounts Regarding the Physical Punishment of Children: Discourses of
Dis/empowerment.
AUTHOR: Gough,
B.; Reavey, P.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1997
JOURNAL TITLE: Child
Abuse and Neglect
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Sheffield
Hallam Univ. (Great Britain). School of Health and Community Studies.
SOURCE: 21(5):
pp. 417-430; Oxford (Great Britain),
Elsevier Science, Ltd., May 1997
ABSTRACT: This
study was conducted to identify and examine the rationales used by parents to
justify the physical punishment of children (PPC). Semistructured interviews
were carried out with nine mothers and one father. The interviews were
evaluated using discourse analysis to explore the various and often conflicting
discourses used by parents while talking about PPC. Various oppositional
discourses were used by the parents, each of which implies diverse
justifications and consequences. Four in particular were identified: PPC as
pedagogic or educational; cathartic to provide relief; individualistic to
assert power; and cyclical. There were five cases of contradiction in
discursive context. The authors identify confusion and complexity regarding PPC
as evident in parental dialogue, which is marked by discursive variation and
contradiction. These discursive collisions notwithstanding, the participants'
discourse generally imply the oppressive positioning of children and,
consequently, offers support for physical punishment. The study also highlights
the utility of discourse analysis as a method for interrogating PPC and other phenomena related to child
abuse and neglect. 23 references. (Author abstract modified)
KEY TERMS: corporal
punishment; discipline; parental behavior; parental attitudes;
interviews; child abuse
research; qualitative research
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
TITLE: Missing
and Abducted Children: A Law Enforcement Guide to Case Investigation and
Program Management.
AUTHOR: Steidel,
S. E. (Editor).
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1997
SOURCE: Revised.
Arlington, VA, National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, June
1997; 234 pp.
ABSTRACT: This
handbook for law enforcement agencies outlines a step- by-step process for
administering and conducting investigations of cases involving missing or
abducted children. The manual is used as the primary text for the training
program, Basic Investigative Techniques - Missing and Abducted Children,
sponsored by the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children. The first
section provides an overview of law enforcement's role in responding to reports
of missing children. Current trends and projects, such as state clearinghouses
and multi-disciplinary programs, are discussed. Chapter Two describes each
aspect of the initial response, including the administrative component, the
first responder component, the investigative component, the supervisory component,
and the search component. Specific strategies for investigating cases of
nonfamily abduction, family abduction, and runaway children are explained in
the next three chapters. An overall checklist is provided in each section. The
manual also reviews general investigative techniques and recommends strategies
for tracking tips and leads, gathering information, searching the crime scene,
using warrants, and conducting interviews and interrogations. Crisis media relations and management issues are also discussed.
Numerous references.
KEY TERMS: missing
children; kidnapping; investigations; multidisciplinary teams;
police operating procedures;
police role; police
training; protocols
PUBLICATION TYPE: Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.missingkids.org
TITLE: Legislation
Limiting the Number of Interviews with Child Victims (Current through December
31, 1999): West Virginia.
INST. AUTHOR: U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES;
NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE ON CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT INFORMATION; NATIONAL CENTER FOR PROSECUTION OF CHILD
ABUSE
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1997
JOURNAL TITLE: Child
Witnesses Number 28
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
Administration for Children and Families Administration on Children, Youth and Families Children's Bureau; NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE ON CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT
INFORMATION 330 C Street, SW,
Washington, DC, 20447, (703) 385-7565
Outside Metropolitan Area: (800) FYI-3366; NATIONAL CENTER FOR PROSECUTION OF CHILD ABUSE 99 Canal Center Plaza, Suite 510,
Alexandria, VA, 22314, (703) 739-0321
SOURCE: In:
Special Procedures in Criminal Child Abuse Cases
KEY TERMS: Statute; West Virginia; Child; defendant; Legislation
PUBLICATION TYPE: Statutes
INTERNET URL: http://www.ndaa-apri.org
TITLE: Criminal
Investigation of Suspected Child Abuse. Section II: Criminal Investigation of
Physical Abuse and Neglect.
AUTHOR: Walsh,
B.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1996
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Dallas
Police Dept., TX.
SOURCE: In:
Briere, J., Berliner, L., Bulkley, J. A., Jenny, C., et al. (Editors). The
APSAC Handbook on Child Maltreatment. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications,
Inc., January 1996; pp. 264-270
ABSTRACT: This
section of a chapter on the criminal investigation of suspected child abuse
focuses on physical abuse and neglect. The role of law enforcement personnel in
multidisciplinary investigations of child abuse is identified. Challenges to
child abuse investigations are highlighted, including determining whether the
maltreatment in question qualifies as a criminal act, dealing with the limited
number of witnesses to an act of maltreatment, and handling conflicts with
child protection services agencies. The investigative process is discussed in
terms of conducting interviews with witnesses or others, interrogating a suspected offender, using search
warrants as an investigative tool, and conducting a scene investigation. Fatal
child maltreatment is also examined, focusing on the differences between fatal
child abuse and homicide, the investigation of fatal child maltreatment, and
the collection of facts to determine when the fatal injuries could have
occurred and whom the child was with during that time. 11 references.
KEY TERMS: investigations; physical abuse; physical neglect;
interviews; evidence; child fatalities; interdisciplinary approach
PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter
in Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com
TITLE: Criminal
Investigation of Suspected Child Abuse. Section I: Criminal Investigation of
Sexual Victimization of Children.
AUTHOR: Lanning,
K. V.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1996
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: FBI
Academy, Quantico, VA. Behavioral Science Unit.
SOURCE: In:
Briere, J., Berliner, L., Bulkley, J. A., Jenny, C., et al. (Editors). The
APSAC Handbook on Child Maltreatment. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications,
Inc., January 1996; pp. 246-264
ABSTRACT: This
section of a chapter on the criminal investigation of suspected child abuse
focuses on sexual abuse. Problems confronting law enforcement personnel who
investigate cases of suspected child sexual abuse are identified. Guidelines
are provided for conducting interviews and interrogations, assessing and evaluating the alleged victim's statements, and
corroborating allegations of child sexual abuse. Interviewing a child victim
involves determining where the child is on the disclosure continuum,
establishing rapport, and determining whether or not to videotape the
interview. The advantages and disadvantages of videotaping are outlined.
Assessing and evaluating the statements of the alleged victim involve
determining the accuracy of a child's statement and evaluating indirect sources
of information and sources of possible contagion. Corroboration involves
documenting behavioral symptoms of sexual abuse and patterns of victim and
perpetrator behavior, identifying witnesses and accomplices, and collecting
physical evidence. An appendix lists publications for inclusion in the
reference library of a law enforcement investigator.
KEY TERMS: investigations; sexual abuse; law enforcement;
interviews; guidelines; videotaping; corroboration; evidence
PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter
in Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com
TITLE: A
Decade of International Reform to Accomodate Child Witnesses: Steps Toward a
Child Witness Code.
AUTHOR: Myers,
J. E. B.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1996
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: University
of the Pacific, Sacramento, CA. McGeorge School of Law.
SOURCE: In:
Bottoms, B. L. and Goodman, G. S. (Editors). International Perspectives on
Child Abuse and Children's Testimony: Psychological Research and Law. Thousand
Oaks, CA, Sage Publications, Inc., 1996;
pp. 221-265
ABSTRACT: This
chapter summarizes changes in court procedures that have been instituted during
the past 10 years to accommodate the needs of child witnesses. Reforms in
investigative interviews, preparation of the witness, and courtroom techniques
are described. The background and effects of the following reforms are
discussed in detail: admission of children's hearsay statements; establishment
of competency to testify and take the oath; alterations to the courtroom
environment; judicial authority over the proceedings and interrogation; support persons for witnesses; closure
of the courtroom to the public and the media; video testimony; appointment of a
guardian ad litem or advocate for the child; and elimination of the
corroboration requirement. The appendix presents a proposed legal code that
defines requirements for child witness testimony. Numerous references.
KEY TERMS: court
reform; child witnesses; testimony;
legal processes; guidelines; rules of evidence
PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter
in Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com
TITLE: Civil
Law for Law Enforcement Officers.
AUTHOR: McGookey,
D. E.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1996
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Dallas
City Dept. of Police, TX. Legal Liaison Division.
SOURCE: In:
1996 Crimes Against Children Seminar. 8th Annual Seminar of the Dallas Dept. of
Police; the Dallas Children's Advocacy Center, Dallas, TX, July 13-16,
1996; pp. 298-315
ABSTRACT: Police
officers who investigate child abuse cases may be involved in two types of
lawsuits: professional liability and civil disputes between a child and a child
care facility. Federal and Texas state laws regarding both situations are
outlined in this paper. Under federal law, police officers can be held liable
for their actions as representatives of the government if the constitutional
rights of the plaintiff were violated. The most common constitutional
violations in child abuse cases involve false arrest or imprisonment; excessive
force; illegal searches; and illegal interrogation.
In defense, an officer may claim qualified immunity if he or she can
demonstrate that the actions were reasonable at the time. Causes of action
under Texas state law include negligence, defamation, and invasion of privacy.
Because police officers are covered under the Texas Tort Claims Act, legal
actions require a waiver of liability. Police officers may also be required to
provide evidence from their investigations in civil child abuse cases. Requests
for copies of investigative files usually exempt confidential information about
on-going investigations, closed or suspended cases, and juvenile suspects.
Requirements of subpoena dueces tecum and subpoenas for depositions of the
investigator are described.
KEY TERMS: police
responsibility; police training; police operating procedures; police reports; investigations; civil
liability; texas
PUBLICATION TYPE: Proceedings
Paper
TITLE: 1996
Crimes Against Children Seminar.
INST. AUTHOR: Dallas
Children's Advocacy Center; Dallas City Dept. of Police, TX.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1996
SOURCE: 8th
Annual Seminar of the Dallas City Dept. of Police; the Dallas Children's
Advocacy Center, Dallas, TX, July 16-19, 1996;
634 pp.
ABSTRACT: The
participant's manual from the 1996 Crimes Against Children Seminar presented by
the Dallas Police Department and the Dallas Children's Advocacy Center contains
handouts and background information for each presentation. The conference
included more than 50 workshops on offender typology, interview techniques,
diagnosis of physical and sexual abuse, prevention, investigation procedures, interrogation of suspects, child death reviews, shaken
baby syndrome, multidisciplinary teams, post- traumatic stress disorder, civil
law, cross examination, domestic violence, prosecution, and medical aspects of
child abuse.
KEY TERMS: characteristics
of abuser; investigations; interviews;
symptoms; sequelae; medical aspects of child abuse; child protection
PUBLICATION TYPE: Book
TITLE: The
Role of Law Enforcement in the Investigation of Child Maltreatment.
AUTHOR: Kolilis,
G. H.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1996
SOURCE: In:
Monteleone, J. A. Recognition of Child Abuse for the Mandated Reporter. Second
Edition. St. Louis, MO, G. W. Medical Publishing, 1996; pp. 161-170
ABSTRACT: This
chapter provides guidelines for police investigations of child maltreatment.
Methods for gathering information from interviews with children and witnesses, interrogations of suspected perpetrators, and
examinations of the scene of the event are specifically recommended. In
general, police officers should ensure that all available background
information is obtained and that interviews are conducted as soon after the
event as possible and out of contact from other victims, witnesses, or
suspected perpetrators. Questions should be clear and simple and avoid
suggestibility. When interrogating the suspected perpetrator, investigators
are advised to be honest about the purpose of the interview, while showing
empathy and cooperation. Event scene procedures and report preparation are
briefly discussed. The chapter includes a list of questions that can be asked
of the child victim and a preliminary investigative checklist. 2 tables.
KEY TERMS: law
enforcement; police action; investigations; multidisciplinary teams;
police operating procedures;
police role; interviews
PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter
in Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.gwmedical.com
TITLE: Child
Sexual Abuse: Investigations in Israel.
AUTHOR: Sternberg,
K. J.; Lamb, M. E.; Hershkowitz, I.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1996
JOURNAL TITLE: Criminal
Justice and Behavior
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: National
Institute of Child Health and Human Development (DHHS), Bethesda, MD.
SOURCE: 23(2):
pp. 322-337; Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage
Publications, Inc., June 1996
ABSTRACT: This
article describes how allegations of child sexual abuse are investigated and
adjudicated in Israel. Believing that children may well be harmed by repeated interrogation, demands to testify, and
cross-examination, Israel legislators enacted special provisions several
decades ago to ensure that children were spared these traumas. Recent
evaluations of the system they established suggest that the protections may
have led inadvertently to various practices, including the failure to
prosecute, that have not served children well. Possible remedies and a research
program related to these issues are described. 39 references. (Author abstract)
KEY TERMS: sexual
abuse; investigations; israel;
interviews; child
witnesses; legal processes; prosecution; rules of evidence
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com
TITLE: The
Use of Search Warrants in Cases of Crimes Against Children.
AUTHOR: Walsh,
B.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1995
JOURNAL TITLE: APSAC
Advisor
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Dallas
Police Dept., TX. Child Exploitation Unit.
SOURCE: 8(1):
pp. 3-7; Chicago, IL, American
Professional Society on the Abuse of Children, Spring 1995
ABSTRACT: This
article familiarizes law enforcement personnel with the use of search warrants
during the investigation of child maltreatment cases. Various uses of search
warrants are discussed, including recovering physical evidence from a location,
vehicle, object, or person; corroborating a child's testimony; identifying
other victims or other offenders; recovering contraband or other evidence of
criminal activities; photographing an injured child; providing for the arrest
of a suspect; gathering information for the interrogation and the child interview; and seizing a computer and examining its
files. Practical considerations are also presented, including taking action
quickly so that the chance of recovering evidence is greatest; having the
owner, landlord, or person in charge of a property sign a consent to search
form; photographing or videotaping the location before, during, and after the
search; taking all videotapes listed as evidence for viewing at a later time;
supplying up-to-date information in the affidavit for the search warrant; and
conducting the search with officer safety in mind. 4 references.
KEY TERMS: law
enforcement; investigations; direct evidence; medical evidence;
evidence collection;
photographs; sexual abuse; physical abuse
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.apsac.org
TITLE: The
Child Fatality Review Team Workshop 1995.
INST. AUTHOR: Texas
Child Fatality Review Team, Austin.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1995
SOURCE: Texas
Children's Justice Act Task Force, Austin, 1995; 160 pp.
ABSTRACT: This
manual describes the multidisciplinary approach to child fatality
investigations in Texas. Law enforcement investigation procedures are outlined,
including interrogation strategies. Texas Child Protective
Services (CPS) investigation procedures are examined with an emphasis on
interagency cooperation. The roles of CPS professionals, law enforcement
officials, educators, health care providers, mental health professionals, legal
and judicial system professionals, and support services providers are
explained. The manual also reviews procedures for child death inquests, reviews
of complex cases, prosecution, and death certification. The Child Fatality
Review Team Project Handbook is included in the final section. Statistical data
from 1993 are reported in Section Seven. 7 figures and 2 tables.
KEY TERMS: child
fatalities; child death review
boards; guidelines; multidisciplinary teams; team training; texas
PUBLICATION TYPE: Book
TITLE: Legislation
Limiting the Number of Interviews with Child Victims (Current through December
31, 1999): Alabama.
INST. AUTHOR: U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES;
NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE ON CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT INFORMATION; NATIONAL CENTER FOR PROSECUTION OF CHILD
ABUSE
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1995
JOURNAL TITLE: Child
Witnesses Number 28
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
Administration for Children and Families Administration on Children, Youth and Families Children's Bureau; NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE ON CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT
INFORMATION 330 C Street, SW,
Washington, DC, 20447, (703) 385-7565
Outside Metropolitan Area: (800) FYI-3366; NATIONAL CENTER FOR PROSECUTION OF CHILD ABUSE 99 Canal Center Plaza, Suite 510,
Alexandria, VA, 22314, (703) 739-0321
SOURCE: In:
Special Procedures in Criminal Child Abuse Cases
KEY TERMS: Statute; Alabama;
Child; Legislation
PUBLICATION TYPE: Statutes
INTERNET URL: http://www.ndaa-apri.org
TITLE: Successful
Interrogation in Child Abuse Cases.
AUTHOR: Walsh,
B.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1994
SOURCE: Conference
on Responding to Child Maltreatment, San Diego, CA, January 1994; 19 pp.
ABSTRACT: This
report outlines how to interrogate suspects, in general, and in child abuse
cases, in particular. An investigator should seek to complete 2 goals during an
interrogation: to manipulate and persuade the suspect
to cooperate to tell the truth and to ensure that everything is performed
within the suspect's legal rights. The differences between an interview and an interrogation are outlined, and the characteristics of
a successful interrogator are listed in terms of appearance,
appropriate posture, attitude, voice, facial expressions, and flexibility.
Steps are given for interview preparation, and a suggested interrogation routine and strategy are outlined as well
as how best to obtain a confession and obtain it in writing. Special themes for
use in child abuse interrogations include blaming the victim, the child's
parents, outside influences, or a spouse. Suggested actions for after the interrogation and results of not obtaining a confession
are also outlined.
KEY TERMS: investigations; perpetrators; legal processes;
prosecution; evidence; professionals responsibility
<