TITLE: The
Relevance of Narrative Research With Children Who Witness War and Children Who
Witness Woman Abuse.
AUTHOR: Berman,
H.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000
JOURNAL TITLE: Journal
of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: University
of Western Ontario, London (Canada). School of Nursing.
SOURCE: 3(1):
pp. 107-125; Haworth Press, Inc.,
Binghamton, NY., 2000; p. 253
ABSTRACT: This
article highlights findings from a recent critical narrative study comparing
the experiences of children of war and children exposed to domestic violence.
The sample consisted of 15 children of war and 16 children of battered women,
ages 10-17. Although both groups of children reported similar symptoms of
trauma, such as loneliness, problems eating and sleeping, headaches and intrusive
thoughts and fears, their perceptions of their experiences were significantly
different. The children of war had fond memories of
their life before the war and viewed the war as a temporary situation. The
children who witnessed domestic violence often were unable to identify periods
of happiness and contentment in their life. Children of warwere clear that they
were on the right side of a conflict between good and bad, while children
exposed to spouse abuse could not take sides in their conflict. The relevance
of narrative research with this population is discussed and implications for
researchers and clinicians are presented. 55 references. (Author abstract
modified)
KEY TERMS: research
methodology; child witnesses of family
violence; trauma; community violence; child abuse research; qualitative research; posttraumatic stress disorder; sequelae
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.haworthpressinc.com
TITLE: Parents
With Mental Retardation.
INST. AUTHOR: Virginia
Commonwealth Dept. of Social Services, Richmond. Child Protective Services
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000
JOURNAL TITLE: Virginia
Child Protection Newsletter
SOURCE: 57: pp.
1-11, 13; Virginia Commonwealth Dept.
of Social Services, Richmond. Child Protective Services Unit., Winter
2000; p. 271
ABSTRACT: This
briefing examines the factors that place the children of mentally retarded
parents at risk for maltreatment. Although estimates of the incidence of child
abuse and neglect are difficult to calculate, studies have identified eight
problems that influence the ability of parents with mental retardation to
provide adequate care to their children: lack of reading skills; communication
problems; concrete thinking; limited ability to provide cognitive and emotional
stimulation; impairments in learning and memory; social
skills deficits; and lack of internal control and motivational problems.
Parents with mental retardation also have low incomes, inadequate housing, and
poor health, and are vulnerable to crime and exploitation. The children of
parents with mental retardation have been found to be developmentally delayed
as a result of environmental and parent characteristics, as well as limited
socialization. However, some intensive parent training programs have been
proven to improve the skills of parents with mental retardation. Effective
interventions are usually family-centered, long-term, are tailored to the
special learning needs of the participants, and engage parents in their
communities. Policy makers are advised to recognize the need for long-term
support and emphasize the positive characteristics of the parents. Examples of
innovative programs are described in the newsletter. Numerous references.
KEY TERMS: retarded
parents; parenting skills; incidence;
risk factors; sequelae; research reviews; adults abused as children;
intervention strategies
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Special Issue
TITLE: Assessing
the Value of Structured Protocols for Forensic Interviews of Alleged Child Abuse
AUTHOR: Orbach,
Y.; Hershkowitz, I.; Lamb, M. E.; Sternberg, K. J.; et al.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000
JOURNAL TITLE: Child
Abuse and Neglect
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: National
Institute of Child Health and Human Development (DHHS), Bethesda, MD.
SOURCE: 24(6):
pp. 733-752; Elsevier Science, Ltd.,
New York, NY., June 2000; p. 273
ABSTRACT: This
study evaluated the effectiveness of the National Institute of Child Health and
Human Development Investigative Interview Protocol, a structured protocol of
universally recommended guidelines for forensic interviews. The protocol was
designed to maximize the amount of information obtained using recall memory probes, which are likely to elicit more accurate
information than recognition memory probes.
Forensic investigators were trained to use the protocol while conducting
feedback-monitored simulation interviews. The utility of the protocol was then
evaluated by comparing 55 protocol interviews with 50 prior interviews by the
same investigators, matched with respect to characteristics likely to affect
the richness of the children's accounts. The comparison was based on an
analysis of the investigators' utterance types, distribution, and timing, as
well as quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the information
produced. As predicted, protocol interviews containedmore open-ended prompts
overall as well as before the first option-posing utterance than non-protocol
interviews did. More details were obtained using open-ended invitations and
fewer were obtained using focused questions in protocol interviews than in
non-protocol interviews, although the total number of details elicited did not
differ significantly. In both conditions, older children provided more details
than younger children did. The findings confirmed that implementation of
professionally recommended practices affected the behavior of interviewers in
both the pre-substantive and substantive phases of their interviews and
enhanced the quality (i.e., likely accuracy) of information elicited from
alleged victims. 101 references and 6 tables.(Author abstract)
KEY TERMS: interviews; investigations; child witnesses;
protocols; validity; sexual abuse; measures
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
TITLE: Counselling
Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse.
AUTHOR: Draucker,
C. B.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Kent
State Univ., OH. Coll. of Nursing.
SOURCE: Second
Edition. Sage Publications, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA., 2000; p. 292
ABSTRACT: This
book describes strategies for counseling adult survivors of childhood sexual
abuse and helping them through the healing process. Emphasis is placed on the
importance of disclosure, analysis of the abuse experience, reinterpreting the
abuse, understanding the context of the abuse, making life changes, and coping
with the resolution of the abuse. The text describes issues and intervention
approaches for a wide range of types of sexual abuse. Case studies illustrate
the concepts presented throughout the book. The implications of the false memory debate for counseling are also discussed. Numerous
references.
KEY TERMS: adults
abused as children; sexual abuse; therapeutic intervention; individual therapy; group therapy; false memory syndrome; disclosure; counseling
PUBLICATION TYPE: Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com/
TITLE: The
Abused Child as Parent: The Structure and Content of Physically Abused Mothers'
Perceptions of Their Babies.
AUTHOR: Gara, M.
A.; Allen, L. A.; Herzog, E. P.; Woolfolk, R. L.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000
JOURNAL TITLE: Child
Abuse and Neglect
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: New
Jersey Univ. of Medicine and Dentistry, Piscataway. Dept. of Psychiatry.
SOURCE: 24(5):
pp. 627-639; Elsevier Science Ltd., New
York, NY., May 2000; p. 355
ABSTRACT: Does
a mother's history of being physically abused as a child have a discernable
impact on the structure and content of her perceptions and beliefs concerning
her own child? This study attempted to provide an empirical answer. The
studycontacted 185 as potential participants in the longitudinal study; 103
agreed to participate. They were classified as abused' or not-abused' based on
their responses to a standard questionnaire. The methodology involved
free-response memories and current description of babies, self,
and significant others such as parents, when their babies were six months, one
year, and two years old. The two groups were compared with respect to the age
of baby, race, and socioeconomic status. Results showed thatabused mothers were
found to differ significantly from control mothers in the structure and content
of their free-response perceptions of their own babies. Specifically, abused
mothers lagged behind controls in how well differentiated were their negative
perceptions of their babies. Conversely, abused mothers were comparable to
controls with respect to differentiation of positive perceptions of babies. The
authors assert that the findings constitute a discovery about the structural
organization of social cognition in mothers at risk for child abuse. Five
figures; 27 references. (Author abstract modified.)
KEY TERMS: child
abuse history; abusive parents; children at risk; longitudinal studies;
perceptions; data
collection; data analysis; social cognition
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
TITLE: Childhood
History of Abuse and Child Abuse Potential in Adolescent Mothers: A
Longitudinal
AUTHOR: De Paul,
J.; Domenech, L.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000
JOURNAL TITLE: Child
Abuse and Neglect
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Basque
Univ., San Sebastian (Spain). Dept. of Psychology.
SOURCE: 24(5):
pp. 701-713; Elsevier Science Ltd., New
York, NY., May 2000; p. 360
ABSTRACT: The
authors describe a longitudinal study to determine whether adolescent mothers
of newborns are at higher risk for child abuse than adult mothers of newborns.
The study also examined whether adolescent mothers with memories of child abuse and/or memories
of childhood emotional withdrawal have a higher risk for child abuse. The
sample consisted of 48 mothers--24 adolescents and 24 adults--from Spain whose
participation started in the 5th to 7th month of their pregnancy and continued
until the child was 18 months old. During pregnancy, memories of child abuse were evaluated. Risk for child abuse was
evaluated when the child was one month, six months, 12 months, and 18 months
old. Results showed that while adolescent and adult mothersshowed no
differences in memories of childhood physical or emotional abuse,
adolescent mothers showed higher child abuse potential and depression scores
than adult mothers. Mothers with memories of
severe physical punishment showed higher child abuse potential scores and
mothers with memories of physical punishment producing physical
damage showed higher child abuse potential and depression scores. A
statistically significant age of the mother by physical punishment producing
physical damage interaction was found for depression. Conclusions supported the
original predictions that the potential for abuse was significantly greater in
adolescent mothers than in adult mothers, and in mothers who had been victims
of physical abuse than in those who had not. At also appeared that, among
adolescent mothers, that those who had been victims of abuse represented a
higher risk group for child abuse. Two tables; four figures; numerous
references. (Author abstract modified.)
KEY TERMS: child
abuse history; children at risk; adolescent mothers; longitudinal studies; spain;
data collection; data
analysis; risk factors
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
TITLE: Amnesia
for Summer Camps and High School Graduation: Memory
Work Increases Reports of Prior Periods of Remembering Loss.
AUTHOR: Read, J.
D.; Lindsay, D. S.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000
JOURNAL TITLE: Journal
of Traumatic Stress
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Lethbridge
Univ., AL (Canada).
SOURCE: 13(1):
pp. 129-147; Kluwer Academic-Plenum
Publishers, Dordrecht (The Netherlands)., January 2000; p. 380
ABSTRACT: Claims
regarding amnesia for childhood sexual abuse have often been based on studies of
adults' responses to questions of the form, Was there ever a period of time
when you remembered less of the abuse than you do now? In this +; experiment,
43 adult participants, average age of 42 years old, rated their current and
prior memories of several nontraumatic
childhood/adolescent related events. Reports of prior periods of less memory were fairly common. Participants then engaged in +;
reminiscence or enhanced retrieval activities directed toward remembering more
about a selected target event. Following retrieval, 35 percent of the
reminiscence condition participants reported prior poor memory for the target event, as did 70 percent of+; the enhanced
condition. These results highlight the need for appropriate control conditions
in retrospective studies of amnesia for childhood trauma. 49 references, 1
figure, and 1 table. (Author abstract)
KEY TERMS: memory; adults abused as
children; repression; research methodology; trauma;
amnesia; child abuse
research; individual therapy
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.wkap.nl
TITLE: Questioning
the Child Witness: What Can We Conclude From the Research Thus Far?
AUTHOR: Quas, J.
A.; Goodman, G. S.; Ghetti, S.;
Redlich, A. D.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000
JOURNAL TITLE: Trauma,
Violence, and Abuse
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: California
Univ., Irvine. Dept. of Psychology and Social Behavior.
SOURCE: 1(3):
pp. 223-249; Sage Publications Inc.,
Thousand Oaks, CA., July 2000; p. 461
ABSTRACT: In
recent years increasing numbers of studies have investigated children's memory, suggestibility, and false event reports. This article
highlights key findings from and implications of this research for interviewing
child witnesses. First, developmental changes in children s memory and suggestibility are discussed, spanning from the early
childhood years through middle childhood, suggesting that the most consistent
and robust predictor of differences in children's performance is age. Second,
theory and research concerning relations between emotional distress and
children's memory are reviewed, with an emphasis on
methodological differences that have led to varied results across studies and
sheds light on the degree to which emotional distress helps versus hinders
children ' memory and suggestibility. Third is a
description of factors associated with the context of an interview that may
influence children's susceptibility to false suggestions, in particular
discussing the implications of questioning tactics and contextual features of
forensic interviews. Fourth, recent studies are discussed concerning individual
differences in children's mnemonic capabilities, suggestibility, and false memories. Finally, recommendations are provided about what can and
cannot be concluded from research on questioning child witnesses, with an eye
on aiding professionals in understanding the research and its capabilities and
limitations. Numerous references. (Author abstract modified.)
KEY TERMS: child
witnesses; research; false allegations; memory;
suggestibility; stress; risk factors; literature review
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com/
TITLE: Sympathy
for the Devil: False Memories, the Media, and the Mind Controllers. The
Afterword to Secret Survivors.
AUTHOR: Blume,
E. S.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000
JOURNAL TITLE: Treating
Abuse Today
SOURCE: 9(3):
pp. 8-39; Survivors and Victims
Empowered, Lancaster, PA., 2000; p. 492
ABSTRACT: This
article takes a decidedly political approach to the issues surrounding false memory syndrome. The author, a proponent of the validity of
survivors' repression of traumatic events, had published a book about the topic
ten years earlier; this article is a rebuttal to critics of the book and a
counterpoint to opponents who have attempted to discredit the theory. The
arguments are described as not an academic debate between two well-meaning
groups equally invested in ascertaining truth, but rather as a political fight
between a group of people who are threatened by disclosures of sexual abuse and
a group of well-meaning, ill-organized, underfinanced and often naive academics
who expected fair play in the debate. The author accuses critics of false memory syndrome, termed backlashers or simply lashers, of
perpetuating a big lie and engaging in a campaign of harassment, fear, and
character assassination against trauma clinicians. The article describes
tactics used by these groups and concludes with a personal attack against one
particular (unnamed) lasher, accusing the person of advocating pedophilia and
incest. The author insists that these views are not typical of just the fringe
elements of the backlash movement.
KEY TERMS: false
memory syndrome; sexual abuse;
incest; ritual abuse; mass
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
TITLE: Sexual
Abuse Litigation: A Practical Resource for Attorneys, Clinicians, and
Advocates.
AUTHOR: Rix, R.
(Editor)
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000
SOURCE: Haworth
Press, Inc., Binghamton, NY., 2000; p.
607
ABSTRACT: The
articles in this reference provide an overview of considerations in the legal
representation of adults who were sexually abused in childhood. The majority of
the text focuses on lawsuits filed by adults who have repressed memories of abuse. Chapters present a history of trauma research
and delayed discovery statutes and review sexual abuse litigation, the
admissibility of scientific evidence regarding delayed memories, and accessing insurance for payment of damages. The role
of expert witnesses and the importance of collaboration with clinicians are
also described. Appendices include a state by state analysis of requirements
regarding statutes of limitations in cases of child sexual abuse; questions for
plaintiff forensic experts; and selections of the testimony of Elizabeth
Loftus, PhD about memory and suggestibility.
KEY TERMS: sexual
abuse; lawsuits; adults abused as children; lawyers responsibility; memory; expert witnesses; false memory syndrome; evidence presentation
PUBLICATION TYPE: Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.haworthpressinc.com
TITLE: Grandparent
Education.
AUTHOR: Chenoweth,
L.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Texas
Women's Univ., Denton. Dept. of Family Sciences.
SOURCE: In:
Hayslip, B.; Goldberg-Glen, R. (Editors). Grandparents Raising Grandchildren:
Theoretical, Empirical and Clinical Perspectives. Springer Publishing Co.,
Inc., New York, NY., 2000; p. 630
ABSTRACT: Grandparents
usually model their behavior on their childhood memories of their own grandparents. However, grandparents who are
thrust into the custodial, primary caregiver role, have no such preparation or
example for their new position. Custodial grandparents need support and
education to cope with the special challenges of their children and
grandchildren and to improve their attitudes about the situation. Effective
grandparent education programs should be strength-based, culturally responsive,
and focused on support. Elements may include needs assessment, a targeted
audience, and programs about self-care, communication, guidance, and advocacy.
Information can be disseminated through small groups, at home, in the print
media, and on the Internet. 47 references.
KEY TERMS: kinship
care; grandparents; parent education; program models; parental
role; cultural competency; needs assessment; service delivery
PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter
in Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.springerpub.com
TITLE: Loss
and Grief in Adoption: The Impact of Contact.
AUTHOR: Courtney,
A.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000
JOURNAL TITLE: Adoption
and Fostering
SOURCE: 24(2):
pp. 33-44; British Agencies for
Adoption and Fostering, London (United Kingdom)., 2000; p. 732
ABSTRACT: Adopted
children experience the loss of significant attachment relationships, based on
the internal working models of their parents that were formed from birth. Their
memories of their relationship with their parents
can strongly affectthem throughout childhood. This article suggests that before
children can move on to the next stage of mourning their losses, those original
models have to be understood. One method for resolving the birth parent-child
relationship is to incorporate thebirth parent in some way into the daily life
and relationships of the child after he or she is adopted. The likely effect of
contact is discussed in the article, as is the role of the adoptive parent and
possible therapeutic intervention. 45 references.(Author abstract)
KEY TERMS: attachment; adjustment problems; post adoption contact; birth families; visitation; loss; therapeutic intervention; sequelae
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.baaf.org.uk
TITLE: Child
Characteristics Which Impact Accuracy of Recall and Suggestibility in Preschoolers:
Is Age the Best Predictor?
AUTHOR: Geddie,
L.; Fradin, S.; Beer, J.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000
JOURNAL TITLE: Child
Abuse and Neglect
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: East
Carolina Univ., Greenville, NC. Dept. of Psychology.
SOURCE: 24(2):
pp. 223-235; Elsevier Science Ltd, New
York, NY., February 2000
ABSTRACT: This
study determined whether individual difference factors of metamemory,
intelligence, and temperament can improve the ability to predict accuracy of
recall and suggestibility in preschoolers. Fifty-six children ranging in age
from 43 months to 83 months were recruited from 13 child care centers in a
rural southwestern town. Children participated in a circus day event conducted
by 2 female undergraduate psychology students dressed as clowns. About 10 days
after the event, children were interviewed regarding their experiences.
Bivariate correlations and multiple regression analyses were performed in order
to determine which factors were related and unique contributors to accuracy of memory and suggestibility. Of principal importance is the finding
that child characteristics such as metamemory ability, intellectual
functioning, and temperament may indeed be helpful in determining a child's
capacity to accurately recall information in an interview, although for the
most part age is the best predictor. Findings also underscore the importance of
considering a child's socioeconomic status and race when planning and
conducting interviews with young children. Possible explanations for these findings
as well as implications for future research and clinical application are
discussed. 2 tables and numerous references. (Author abstract modified)
KEY TERMS: preschool
children; memory;
suggestibility; individual
characteristics; predictor variables; interviews;
intelligence
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
TITLE: Texture
Response Patterns Associated With Sexual Trauma of Childhood and Adult Onset:
Developmental and Recovered Memory Implications.
AUTHOR: Leavitt,
F.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000
JOURNAL TITLE: Child
Abuse and Neglect
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Rush
Medical Coll., Chicago, IL. Dept. of Psychology.
SOURCE: 24(2):
pp. 251-257; Elsevier Science Ltd, New
York, NY., February 2000
ABSTRACT: Reduced
texture sensitivity on the Rorschach is proposed as a sequela of early sexual
abuse that is unlikely to be contaminated by situational variables. If this
conceptualization has merit, texture attributes offer a roadmap for studying
vying claims in the recovered memory debate.
To explore this possibility, the authors of this study examined the extent to
which intense preoccupation with sexual trauma of childhood and of adult onset
was related to reduced texture productivity. Texture productivity was measured in
4 groups comprised of 108 patients using the Rorschach. Twenty-seven patients
with recovered memory were compared with 27 patients with
continuous memory of childhood sexual trauma, 27 post
trauma stress patients with sexual trauma of adult onset, and 27 non-abused
patients. The study replicated previous findings of reduced texture
productivity among patients who always remembered sexual trauma of
childhood-onset. The same texture deficiency pattern was observed among
patients who recovered memory of childhood sexual abuse. This pattern
was not observed in post-traumatic stress disorder patients intensely
preoccupied with sexual trauma of adult onset despite the fact that they
mimicked the recovered memory group in respect to enduring
preoccupation with distressing thoughts of sexual abuse. The findings indicate
that intrusive memories of sexual trauma do not shape patients'
response to textural cues on the Rorschach. Variations in texture productivity
are primarily moderated by age of trauma onset. Dismissal of claims of
recovered memories on the intense sexual preoccupation is
not warranted. 2 tables and numerous references. (Author abstract modified)
KEY TERMS: sexual
abuse; posttraumatic stress
disorder; memory; trauma; sequelae
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
TITLE: Adult
Survivors of Sexual Abuse.
AUTHOR: Gold, S.
N.; Brown, L. S.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Nova
Southeastern Univ., Fort Lauderdale, FL. Trauma Resolution Integration Program.
SOURCE: In:
Ammerman, R. T.; Hersen, M. (Editors). Assessment of Family Violence: A
Clinical and Legal Sourcebook, Second Edition. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA.,
1999; p. 181
ABSTRACT: This
chapter provides an introduction to considerations for assessing adult
survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Evaluators are cautioned that the
assessment of this population requires extensive specialized knowledge about
psychological trauma, interpersonal violence and abuse, posttraumatic stress,
and dissociative symptomatology. The chapter reviews general aspects of
assessment of adult survivors, including establishing rapport and maintaining
conceptual clarity. Strategies for assessing current difficulties,
dysfunctional coping strategies, abuse history, the context of the childhood
sexual abuse, and the strengths and resources of survivors are also discussed.
In addition to these areas addressed by clinical assessors, forensic evaluators
must also investigate groups for civil liability and the reliability of the survivor's
testimony. They must find evidence to confirm or refute the survivor's report
from reports of covictims, autobiographical material by the survivor during the
time of the abuse, school and childhood medical records, reports of peers of
the survivor, and sexual history of the alleged perpetrator. Sources of
possible contamination of the survivor's memory must
also be identified, including the circumstances of delayed recall. A case study
is presented in the chapter to illustrate assessment issues.
KEY TERMS: adults
abused as children; sexual abuse; assessment;
measures; sequelae; child abuse history; forensic psychiatry; legal processes
PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter
in Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.josseybass.com
TITLE: Memories of Childhood Abuse: Dissociation, Amnesia, and
Corroboration.
AUTHOR: Chu, J.
A.; Frey, L. M.; Ganzel, B. L.; Matthews, J. A.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
JOURNAL TITLE: American
Journal of Psychiatry
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: McLean
Hospital, Belmont, MA. Dissociative Disorders and Trauma Program.
SOURCE: 165(5):
pp. 749-755; American Psychiatric
Association, Washington, DC., May 1999;
p. 217
ABSTRACT: This
study investigated the relationship between self-reported childhood abuse and
dissociative symptoms and amnesia. The presence or absence of corroboration of
recovered memories of childhood abuse was also studied.
Ninety female patients admitted to a unit specializing in the treatment of
trauma-related disorders completed instruments that measured dissociative
symptoms and elicited details concerning childhood physical abuse, sexual
abuse, and witnessing abuse. They also underwent a structured interview that
asked about amnesia for traumatic experiences, the circumstances of recovered memory, the role of suggestion in recovered memories, and independent corroboration of the memories. Participants reporting any type of childhood abuse
demonstrated elevated levels of dissociative symptoms that were significantly
higher than those in subjects not reporting abuse. Higher dissociative symptoms
were correlated with early age at onset of physical and sexual abuse and more
frequent sexual abuse. A substantial proportion of participants with all types
of abuse reported partial or complete amnesia for abuse memories. For physical and sexual abuse, early age at onset was
correlated with greater levels of amnesia. Participantswho reported recovering memories of abuse generally recalled these experiences while at
home, alone, or with family or friends. Although some participants were in
treatment at the time, very few were in therapy sessions during their first memory recovery. Suggestion was generally denied as a factor in memory recovery. A majority of participants were able to find
strong corroboration of their recovered memories.
Childhood abuse, particularly chronic abuse beginning at early ages, is related
to the development of high levels of dissociative symptoms, including amnesia
for abuse memories. This study strongly suggests that psychotherapy
usually is not associated with memory
recovery and that independent corroboration of recovered memories of abuse is often present. 39 references and 6 tables.
(Author abstract)
KEY TERMS: memory; adults abused as
children; sequelae; dissociation; amnesia;
corroboration; child abuse
research; trauma
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
TITLE: Does
Childhood Sexual Abuse Cause Borderline Personality Disorder?
AUTHOR: Bailey,
J. M.; Shriver, A.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
JOURNAL TITLE: Journal
of Sex and Marital Therapy
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Northwestern
Univ., Evanston, IL. Dept. of Psychology.
SOURCE: 25(1):
pp. 45-57; Taylor and Francis,
Levittown, PA., 1999; p. 219
ABSTRACT: This
article reports the findings of a survey of psychologists about the likelihood
that patients with various personality disorders would engage in behaviors
relevant to several alternative interpretations. Relative to patients with
other personality disorders and to the typical outpatient, patients with
borderline personality disorder were rated as especially likely to misinterpret
or misremember social interactions, to lie manipulatively and convincingly, and
to have voluntarily entered destructive sexual relationships, possibly even at
young ages. The article offers several alternative explanations for the link
between childhood sexual abuse and borderline personality disorder, including
reports of sexual abuse made because theindividual with borderline personality
disorder misinterpreted the situation or intentionally misreported it for some
reason; that memories were suggested; and that studies that
include adolescents in the sample skew findings regarding sexual activity.
Methodological implications of the study are also discussed in the article. 46
references and 1 table. (Author abstract modified)
KEY TERMS: sexual
abuse; sequelae; adults abused as children; personality disorders; personality problems; models;
child abuse research;
interpersonal relationships
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
TITLE: Overcoming
Obstacles to Just Evaluation and Successful Prosecution of Multivictim Cases.
AUTHOR: Dalenberg,
C. J.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
JOURNAL TITLE: Journal
of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Trauma
Research Institute, San Diego, CA.
SOURCE: 2(2):
pp. 141-163; Haworth Press, Inc.,
Binghamton, NY., 1999; p. 324
ABSTRACT: The
multivictim case presents special difficulties for the child protection system,
including enhanced probability of multiple interviews and potential
contamination of children s narratives by a variety of sources. Further,
multivictimcases have been empirically shown to be more likely to involve
severely abused children, fantastic claims, and other complicating factors.
This paper presents several complications likely to arise in such cases and a
number of potential routes to mitigate the problems that occur. The
complications include the impact of repeated interviews and delayed interviews,
the use of leading questions, bizarre detail disclosed by the child,
allegations of extreme trauma or abuse, contamination of testimony,the
involvement of the child s therapist, advocacy groups and the media, and
accusations against the interviewer. 46 references and 6 tables. (Author
abstract modified)
KEY TERMS: multivictim
cases; investigations; barriers;
memory;
interviews; protocols; testimony;
suggestibility
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.haworthpressinc.com
TITLE: Neural
Correlates of Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse In Women With
and Without Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.
AUTHOR: Bremner,
J. D.; Narayan, M.; Staib, L. H.; Southwick, S. M.; et al.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
JOURNAL TITLE: American
Journal of Psychiatry
SOURCE: 156(11):
pp. 1787-1795; American Journal of
Psychiatry, Washington, DC., November 1999;
p. 391
ABSTRACT: The
purpose of this study was to measure neural correlates of memories of childhood abuse in sexually abused women with and
without the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Twenty-two women
with a history of childhood sexual abuse underwent injection of [O]]H2O,
followed by positron emission tomography imaging of the brain while they
listened to neutral and traumatic (personalized childhood sexual abuse events)
scripts. Brain blood flow during exposure to traumatic and neutral scripts was
compared for sexually abuse women with and without PTSD. Memories of childhood sexual abuse were associated with greater
increases in blood flow in portions of anterior prefrontal cortex (superior and
middle frontal gyri areas 6 and 9), posterior cingulated (area 31), and motor
cortex in sexually abused women with PTSD than in sexually abused women without
PTSD. Abuse memories were associated with alternations in
blood flow in medial prefrontal cortex, with decreased blood flow in
subcallosal gyrus (area 25), and a failure of activation in anterior cingulated
(area 32). There was also decreased blood flow in right hippocampus,
fusiform/inferior temporal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, and visual association
cortex in women with PTSD relative to women without PTSD. These findings
implicate dysfunction of medial prefrontal cortex (subcallocal gyrus and
anterior cingulated), hippocampus, and visual association cortex in
pathological memories of childhood abuse in women with PTSD.
Increased activation in posterior cingulated and motor cortex was seen in women
with PTSD. Dysfunction in these brain areas may underlie PTSD symptoms provoked
by traumatic reminders in subjects with PTSD. 61 references, 3 figures, and 4
tables. (Author abstract)
KEY TERMS: sexual
abuse; adults abused as children; posttraumatic stress disorder; memory; neurology;
neurological impairments;
sequelae; female victims
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
TITLE: Brief
Research Report: Age Factors Affecting the Believability of Repressed Memories of Child Sexual Assault.
AUTHOR: Golding,
J. M.; Sanchez, R. P.; Sego, S. A.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
JOURNAL TITLE: Law
and Human Behavior
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Kentucky
Univ., Lexington. Dept. of Psychology.
SOURCE: 23(2):
pp. 257-268; Kluwer Academic-Plenum
Publishing, Dordrecht (The Netherlands)., April 1999; p. 562
ABSTRACT: Two
experiments investigated how mock jurors react to testimony involving a claim
of repressed memory in a case involving child sexual assault.
Participants read a fictional civil trial summary presented in one of three
conditions: +; immediate condition - the alleged victim testified immediately
after the incident; repressed condition - the alleged victim reported the
assault 1-39 years later, after remembering it for the first time; or not-repressed
condition - the alleged victim +; reported the assault 1-39 years later, but
the memory of the assault had been present for those
years. When there was any type of delayed reporting, either the age of the
alleged victim at the time of the assault was constant and her age at reporting
+; varied (Experiment 1) or the age of the alleged victim at the time of the
assault varied and her age at reporting remained constant (Experiment 2). The
results showed that a delay in reporting an incident adversely affected
believability of the alleged +; victim and led to fewer rulings in support of
the plaintiff compared to reporting it immediately; longer delays in reporting
generally led to lower alleged victim believability and fewer decisions in
support of the plaintiff than shorter delays; the age +; of the alleged victim
at the time of the incident was a critical variable in determining belief of
the alleged victim; and men generally rated believability of the alleged victim
lower and ruled in favor of the plaintiff less often than women. The +; results
are discussed in terms of the psychosocial factors affecting the perception of
delayed reporting in a child sexual assault trial. 21 references and 2 tables.
(Author abstract)
KEY TERMS: age
factors; sexual abuse; repression;
adults abused as
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.wkap.nl
TITLE: Media
Impact on Biased Perceptual Processing of Threat-Relevant Imagery Among
Patients Who Recovered Memory of Childhood Sexual Abuse Prior to the
Onset of Treatment.
AUTHOR: Leavitt,
F.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
JOURNAL TITLE: Journal
of Child Sexual Abuse
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Rush
Medical Coll., Chicago, IL. Dept. of Psychology.
SOURCE: 8(4):
pp. 91-102; Haworth Press, Inc., Binghamton,
NY., 1999; p. 570
ABSTRACT: Several
recent studies have indicated that patients who report a history of sexual
abuse on the basis of recovered or delayed recall of memory process Rorschach stimuli in ways that substantially deviate
from non-abused patients. They +; exhibited sensitivity to threat-relevant
imagery that was highly similar to the biased perceptual processing found among
patients with continuously held memories of
sexual abuse. In the present study, perceptual processing of threat-relevant
imagery was +; examined as an artifact of media exposure in 40 patients who
recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse as adults and
in 40 patients who were not sexually abused. The two patient samples were
divided into high and low media groups on the basis of a +; composite measure
of media exposure. The results indicated that information gained from media
exposure was unrelated to patients responses to Rorschach stimuli. Recovered memory patients produced threat-relevant imagery that is
reminiscent of trauma +; irrespective of the level of media exposure;
non-abused patients did not. That this imagery remained essentially unnoticed
by even the most active consumers of the sexual abuse media among non-abused
patients suggests that the popular media does not play+; a contagious role in
the perceptual process of threat-relevant imagery. 23 references and 3 tables.
(Author abstract)
KEY TERMS: memory; repression; adults abused as children; sexual abuse; sequelae; psychological
evaluation; mass media; child abuse research
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.haworthpressinc.com
TITLE: Adult
Birth Siblings: Who Are They and Why Do They Search?
AUTHOR: Pavlovic,
A.; Mullender, A.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: University
Coll., Northampton (United Kingdom). Dept. of Sociology.
SOURCE: In:
Mullender, A. (Editor). We Are Family: Sibling Relationships in Placement and
Beyond. British Agencies for Adoption and Fostering, London (United Kingdom).,
1999; p. 603
ABSTRACT: Twenty-four
individuals searching for siblings through the Adoption Contact Register for
England and Wales were interviewed about their motivations for searching for
siblings, the meaning of sibling relationships, and the implications of sibling
relationships for policy and practice. The participants were from a wide range
of care experiences, including conventional families, stepfamilies, kinship
care, adoption, foster care, group homes, and orphanages. Although sibling
status did not matter to the individuals seeking half- or stepsiblings, it was
important to those looking for full siblings (both parents in common).
Participants described the following elements in their attempts to identify
what it means to be a sibling: blood ties; lifelong relationships; shared
history; childhood memories of siblings; the need to resolve a
personal emotional issue; and parental feelings toward the missing sibling. The
intense feelings of loss experienced by the searchers demonstrates the need to
reform legal and social work practices to preserve sibling relationships. 5
references.
KEY TERMS: siblings; sibling relationships; birth families; adopted adults; reunions; search for birth children; adoption research; reunion registries
PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter
in Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.baaf.org.uk
TITLE: Defense
Styles of Women Who Have Experienced Child Sexual Abuse: A Comparative
Community Study.
AUTHOR: Romans,
S. E.; Martin, J. L.; Morris, E. M.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: University
of Otago, Dunedin (New Zealand). Dept. of Psychological Medicine.
SOURCE: In:
Williams, L. M. and Banyard, V. L. (Editors). Trauma and Memory. Thousand Oaks,
CA, Sage Publications, Inc., 1999; pp.
291-198
ABSTRACT: Participants
in a women's health survey were reinterviewed for this follow-up study to
examine the differences in coping styles between women who were sexually abused
as children and women who were not sexually abused. The Defense Style
Questionnaire was administered to 173 women in the abuse group and 178 women
from the nonabuse group of the original study conducted six years earlier. The
instrument categorized 20 different styles of coping, including mature defenses,
neurotic defenses, and immature defenses. Overall, there were no significant
differences in the defenses used by abused and nonabused women. However, women
who experienced intercourse during their abuse were significantly more likely
to use immature defenses. Differences in the age of the women are also
reported. 27 references and 2 tables.
KEY TERMS: adults
abused as children; trauma; memory; sexual abuse; defense mechanisms;
coping skills
PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter
in Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com/
TITLE: Coping
With Traumatic Stress Interfers With the Memory of the
Event: A New Conceptual Mechanism for the Protective Effects of Stress Control.
AUTHOR: Drugan,
R. C.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: New
Hampshire Univ., Durham. Dept. of Psychology.
SOURCE: In:
Williams, L. M. and Banyard, V. L. (Editors). Trauma and Memory. Thousand Oaks,
CA, Sage Publications, Inc., 1999; pp.
245-256
ABSTRACT: This
chapter reviews research on the effects of stress on brain functioning to
demonstrate that the action of coping with trauma may enhance resilience, while
the failure to cope may lead to depression and posttraumatic stress disorder.
The discussion reviews the role of endogenous systems believed to moderate
stress, including norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and gamma-amniobutyric
acid. Of these benzodiazepine gamma- amnibutyric (GABA) acid is proposed as the
most likely source of behavioral and pharmacological reductions of stress. For
example, coping is thought to trigger GABA-enhancing substances which may cause
a certain degree of amnesia about the traumatic event. In addition, studies of
the role of neuroasteroids indicate that a steroid synthesis inhibitor will
help to improve memory. The chapter presents a model of the
progression of stable memories through increased GABA levels,
self-reflection, and recall of the traumatic event. Theories about the
relationship between stress, coping, memory, and
risk for substance abuse are discussed. Numerous references and 2 figures.
KEY TERMS: trauma; memory; stress;
coping skills; stress
management; sequelae; posttraumatic stress disorder; etiology
PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter
in Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com/
TITLE: Neuropsychological
Sequelae of Chronically Psychologically Traumatized Children: Specific Findings
in Memory and Higher Cognitive Functions.
AUTHOR: Palmer,
L. K.; Frantz, C. E.; Armsworth, M. W.; Swank, P. et al.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Seton
Hall Univ., South Orange, NJ.
SOURCE: In:
Williams, L. M. and Banyard, V. L. (Editors). Trauma and Memory. Thousand Oaks,
CA, Sage Publications, Inc., 1999; pp.
229-244
ABSTRACT: This
chapter reports the findings of a study of the effects of abuse on the
developing brain functions of children. Twenty sexually abused school aged
girls were compared with 20 nonabused school-aged girls to test the hypothesis
that the groups would differ on memory and
higher cognitive functions because of the neuropsychological effects of abuse.
Measures included the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist, the
Neuropsychological History Form, the History of Victimization Questionnaire,
and a battery of neuropsychological tests for memory,
learning, attention, and intelligence. Abused girls differed from nonabused
subjects on verbal intelligence, recording significantly lower scores in that
domain of cognitive functioning. Significant differences were also found on
anxiety and depression. There appeared to be no differences in memory functioning. Reasons for these results are examined in the
chapter. Limitations of the study and recommendations for further research are
discussed. Numerous references and 2 tables.
KEY TERMS: neurology; psychology;
sequelae; memory; trauma; cognitive development; posttraumatic stress disorder; child development
PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter
in Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com/
TITLE: Traumatic
Memories Lost and Found: Can Lost Memories of Abuse Be Found in the Brain?
AUTHOR: Bremner,
J. D.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Yale
Univ., New Haven, CT. School of Medicine.
SOURCE: In:
Williams, L. M. and Banyard, V. L. (Editors). Trauma and Memory. Thousand Oaks,
CA, Sage Publications, Inc., 1999; pp.
217-227
ABSTRACT: This
chapter examines the neuroanatomical mechanisms of memory and the effects of stress on memory to demonstrate the differences between brain functioning
in normal people and in chronically stressed individuals. These differences may
account for the phenomena of repressed memories and
delayed recall of traumatic events. Research has found evidence of hippocampal
dysfunction, problems with conditioned fear response and amygdala functioning,
high levels of neuropeptides, and abnormal encoding patterns in patients
diagnosed with post traumatic stress disorder. These abnormalities may result
in memory fragmentation, delayed or impaired
recall, unconscious avoidance dues associated with trauma, and other changes in
memory patterns. Clinical applications of these
findings are discussed. 66 references and 1 table.
KEY TERMS: memory; trauma; neurology;
psychological stress;
posttraumatic stress disorder;
research reviews; sequelae; repression
PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter
in Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com/
TITLE: From
Victim to Survivor: Recovered Memories and
Identity Transformation.
AUTHOR: Warner,
S.; Feltey, K. M.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: University
of Akron, OH.
SOURCE: In:
Williams, L. M. and Banyard, V. L. (Editors). Trauma and Memory. Thousand Oaks,
CA, Sage Publications, Inc., 1999; pp.
161-172
ABSTRACT: This
chapter reviews the preliminary findings of a study of the memory recovery process and the transformation in identity from
victim to survivor of childhood sexual abuse. Four women who reported recovered
memories of abuse were interviewed about their
lives before they recalled the abuse, the role of therapy in recovering memories, the impact of the recovered memories on their lives, and the overall effect of the memory process. An analysis of the patterns in responses revealed
that all of the women were vaguely uncomfortable about their childhoods before
they remembered their abuse. The women also reported depression, dysfunctional
families, and a gradual process of remembering the abuse. Memory fragments and flashbacks were common. Therapy, especially
specialized group therapy, helped the women cope with their experiences. They
all reported greater satisfaction with their lives since they recovered their memories and have re-defined themselves as survivors, speaking
publicly about their stories to raise awareness of the problem. (13
references.)
KEY TERMS: memory; trauma; sequelae;
adults abused as children;
repression; theories; self concept; qualitative research
PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter
in Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com/
TITLE: Participation
in Retrospective Child Sexual Abuse Research: Beneficial or Harmful? What Women
Think Six Years Later.
AUTHOR: Martin,
J. L.; Perrott, K.; Morris, E. M.; Romans, S. E.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Otago
Medical School, Dunedin (New Zealand).
SOURCE: In:
Williams, L. M. and Banyard, V. L. (Editors). Trauma and Memory. Thousand Oaks,
CA, Sage Publications, Inc., 1999; pp.
149-159
ABSTRACT: This
chapter describes the findings of a qualitative study that measured the impact
of participation in sexual abuse research. A total of 354 women were
interviewed 6 years after they participated in a study about the prevalence and
effects of child sexual abuse. The sample included women with and without a
history of child sexual abuse. Interviews focused on memories of the last interview and comfort with discussing sexual
abuse experiences. Women without a history of child sexual abuse were highly
comfortable discussing abuse, while survivors of sexual abuse were moderately
comfortable with the topic. Half of all the women indicated that the original
interview was a positive experience and 21 participants reported that it was a
negative experience. Abused women were more likely to rate the interview as
positive. Ethical implications of these findings for future research are
discussed. 12 references and 3 figures.
KEY TERMS: sexual
abuse; adults abused as children; research methodology; sequelae;
interviews; memory; trauma; ethics
PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter
in Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com/
TITLE: Sexual
Abuse History With and Without Self-Report of Memory
Loss: Differences in Psychopathology, Personality, and Dissociation.
AUTHOR: Sheiman,
J. A.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Kutztown
Univ., PA.
SOURCE: In:
Williams, L. M. and Banyard, V. L. (Editors). Trauma and Memory. Thousand Oaks,
CA, Sage Publications, Inc., 1999; pp.
139-148
ABSTRACT: This
chapter reports the findings of a study that compared the personality and
psychological characteristics of survivors of child sexual abuse who had some memory loss about their abuse with survivors who had no memory problems. It was hypothesized that individuals who
experienced dissociation or memory loss would have higher levels of
hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria, and psychopathic deviation than
survivors with no memory loss and participants without a sexual
abuse history. The sample included 31 survivors of sexual abuse with no memory loss of their abuse, 14 survivors who had some memory loss, and 105 participants with no sexual abuse history.
All of the study participants completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory, second edition, the Revised NEO Personality Inventory, and the
Dissociative Experiences Scale. The results revealed significant differences
between abused and nonabused participants on depression, psychopathic deviate,
paranoia, and psychasthenia, while only survivors with memory loss had higher scores on hypochondriasis and hysteria. No
differences were found between the sexual abuse memory groups on depression and psychopathic deviate measures. 15
references, 1 figure, and 5 tables.
KEY TERMS: adults
abused as children; memory; trauma; psychopathology; dissociation;
personality; sexual abuse; psychological characteristics
PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter
in Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com/
TITLE: Bulimia
Nervosa, PTSD, and Forgetting: Results from the National Women's Study.
AUTHOR: Brewerton,
T. D.; Dansky, B. S.; Kilpatrick, D. G.; O'Neil, P. M.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Medical
Univ. of South Carolina, Charleston. Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral
Sciences.
SOURCE: In:
Williams, L. M. and Banyard, V. L. (Editors). Trauma and Memory. Thousand Oaks,
CA, Sage Publications, Inc., 1999; pp.
127-138
ABSTRACT: This
study analyzed data from the third wave of the National Women's Study to
investigate the relationships between forgetting trauma, posttraumatic stress
disorder, and bulimia nervosa. A total of 3,006 women were interviewed and
screened for bulimia, victimization, post-traumatic stress disorder,
psychogenic amnesia, major depression, and alcohol and drug addiction. Eleven
percent of the women indicated that they had forgotten some parts of traumatic
events. Women diagnosed with bulimia nervosa were significantly more likely to
report memory problems. Recall difficulties also were
related to posttraumatic stress disorder, obesity, weight fluctuations,
purging, and major depression. 38 references and 6 tables.
KEY TERMS: bulimia; posttraumatic stress disorder; memory; trauma;
repression; dissociation; sequelae
PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter
in Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com/
TITLE: Memories for Child Sexual Abuse and Mental Health Functioning:
Findings on a Sample of Women and Implications for Future Research.
AUTHOR: Banyard,
V. L.; Williams, L. M.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: New
Hampshire Univ., Durham. Dept. of Psychology.
SOURCE: In:
Williams, L. M. and Banyard, V. L. (Editors). Trauma and Memory. Thousand Oaks,
CA, Sage Publications, Inc., 1999; pp.
115-125
ABSTRACT: This
NCCAN-funded study examined the effects of trauma on memories of child sexual abuse to determine the value of
dissociation for mental health functioning. The sample included 129 women who
had documented histories of child sexual abuse 17 years previously.
Thirty-eight percent of the participants reported no memories of the target abuse event. All of the participants were
interviewed about family relationships, substance abuse, sexual history,
psychological functioning, and history of abuse. Participants who did not
remember begin abused were not told about it. Women who did recall their sexual
abuse were asked about the clarity of their memories
and if they had ever forgotten it. Women who had forgotten their abuse at some
time were grouped with the participants who had no recall of abuse into the memory problems group and their psychological functioning was
compared with women who always remembered abuse. Overall, there were no
significant differences in the mental health of the women with and without memory problems. However, women who were older when the abuse
occurred reported more symptoms. Implications for future research are
discussed. 33 references and 6 tables.
KEY TERMS: trauma; memory; sexual abuse; mental health; adults
abused as children; child
development; repression; dissociation
PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter
in Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com/
TITLE: Remembering
Incest: The Complexities of This Process and Implications for Civil Statutes of
Limitations.
AUTHOR: Dorado,
J. S.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
SOURCE: In:
Williams, L. M. and Banyard, V. L. (Editors). Trauma and Memory. Thousand Oaks,
CA, Sage Publications, Inc., 1999; pp.
93-111
ABSTRACT: This
chapter reports the findings of a study of the experiences of seven incest
survivors to demonstrate the failure of the legal system to consider the
process of recovering traumatic memories. Each
study participant was interviewed for at least six hours about her
victimization, the memory process, and her reactions to the memory of abuse. Qualitative data analyses revealed that memories often began with a precursor, or memory fragment that did not make sense when first remembered.
The first recognized memories consisted of images of the perpetrator
and feelings during the abuse. Two of the participants dissociated again after
the first memories of abuse, making the memory process even more complex. These processes of remembering
incest are different than other memories and
are often not as clearly identified as assumed by the Michigan statute of
limitations. The occurrence of memory
fragments and periods of dissociation should be considered in the state statute.
Implications for policy and research are discussed. 29 references and 1 figure.
KEY TERMS: incest; memory; trauma;
statute of limitations; legal
processes; lawsuits; adults abused as children; michigan
PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter
in Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com/
TITLE: Memory, Research, and the Law: Future Directions.
AUTHOR: Conte,
J. R.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Washington
Univ., Seattle. School of Social Work.
SOURCE: In:
Williams, L. M. and Banyard, V. L. (Editors). Trauma and Memory. Thousand Oaks,
CA, Sage Publications, Inc., 1999; pp.
77-92
ABSTRACT: This
chapter reviews the evidence presented in a hearing on two court cases
involving recovered memories of childhood trauma. The arguments
presented in State of New Hampshire v. Joel Hungerford and State of New
Hampshire v. John Morahan focused on the legitimacy of repressed memories. Three expert witnesses for the defense testified in a
joint hearing about suggestibility, creation of pseudomemories, the lack of
proof of repression, and therapy as suggestion. The chapter compares the nature
of the testimony against standards established in Daubert v. Merrell Dow
Pharmaceuticals in 1993 for expert witnesses. It concludes that the evidence
refuting the existence of repression fails to meet guidelines for scientific
testing and peer review, methodological standards, and acceptance in the
scientific community. Recommendations for improved research methodologies are
discussed. 29 references.
KEY TERMS: trauma; memory; repression;
adults abused as children; false
memory syndrome; research methodology;
research needs; expert testimony
PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter
in Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com/
TITLE: Ethical
Considerations in the Teaching of Trauma and Dissociation: Student Exposure and
Unexpected Memory.
AUTHOR: Miller,
M.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: New
York Univ., New York. School of Social Work.
SOURCE: In:
Williams, L. M. and Banyard, V. L. (Editors). Trauma and Memory. Thousand Oaks,
CA, Sage Publications, Inc., 1999; pp.
67-75
ABSTRACT: This
chapter reviews the effects of trauma studies on students in professional
education courses and describes strategies for ensuring that the classroom is a
safe environment for individuals who may be reminded of childhood trauma. The
nature of trauma curriculum for social work, psychology, and psychiatry
promotes an empathic identification with victims of childhood trauma, which
often results in self-examinations of the students' own childhoods. Some
students may recover memories of abuse during this phase of the
training and react with disclosure, dissociation, or disorganization. However,
the classroom is not a private clinical setting and the instructor is not the
students' therapist. The instructor must keep his or her role clear, being
sensitive to the class affect and responding appropriately to disclosures made
in class and outside of class. Students should be supported and encouraged to
seek assistance from the student health agency or private therapists. Other
recommendations for maintaining safety in the learning environment are
discussed. 39 references.
KEY TERMS: ethics; professional training; trauma;
dissociation; social
workers; psychologists; disclosure;
adults abused as children
PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter
in Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com/
TITLE: Remembering
Trauma: A Characterological Perspective.
AUTHOR: Piers,
C. C.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Austen
Riggs Center, Stockbridge, MA.
SOURCE: In:
Williams, L. M. and Banyard, V. L. (Editors). Trauma and Memory. Thousand Oaks,
CA, Sage Publications, Inc., 1999; pp.
57-65
ABSTRACT: This
chapter criticizes the current focus on dissociation and trauma in therapy and
suggests that therapists also consider the character of the patient. It asserts
that character, or the individual's perceptions and mannerisms, affects the way
a person reacts and responds to trauma. While dissociation theory proposes that
symptomatic behaviors are caused by reminders of past trauma that are stored in
the patient's mind, the characterological framework attributes maladaptive
symptoms to a conflicted character. Although trauma has an impact on
development, specific responses to trauma depend on other factors, including
the child's system for organizing experiences, as well as the developmental,
family, and social environment. The chapter reviews the memory process and describes the typical presentations of
patients with a history of trauma. Implications for therapeutic intervention
are discussed. 36 references.
KEY TERMS: memory; trauma; dissociation; psychotherapy; therapists
role; psychopathology; psychological characteristics; personality
PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter
in Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com/
TITLE: Recollections
of Sexual Abuse: Treatment Principles and Guidelines.
AUTHOR: Courtois,
C. A.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Psychiatric
Institute, Washington, DC.
SOURCE: New
York, NY, W. W. Norton and Co., 1999;
455 pp.
ABSTRACT: This
book reviews current knowledge about repressed memories and provides guidelines for treating psychotherapy
patients who have memories of sexual abuse. It includes an in-depth
analysis of the repressed memory controversy and its implications for
practice. The first two chapters place the recovered memory debate within a sociohistorical context, as well as in the
present. Remaining chapters examine the effects of trauma and child sexual
abuse on memory and outline a philosophy and principles
for practice. Chapter Six presents a model of posttrauma treatment that focuses
on the relief of symptoms and the restoration of functioning. The multimodal
model involves a sequence of specific tasks ranging from personal safety to
improvement of self image, coping skills, and pharmacotherapy. Issues to be
addressed during each phase of treatment are identified. Clinical guidelines
and risk management issues are described in subsequent chapters. The final
chapter addresses countertransference issues and applies a treatment decision
model to ten scenarios. Highlights of selected reports by professional task
forces and model forms are included in the appendices. Numerous references, 4
figures, and 14 tables.
KEY TERMS: sexual
abuse; adults abused as children; memory; psychological evaluation; repression;
psychotherapy; practice
protocols; therapeutic intervention
PUBLICATION TYPE: Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.wwnorton.com
TITLE: Through
the Eyes of a Child: EMDR with Children.
AUTHOR: Tinker,
R.; Wilson, S.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
SOURCE: New
York, NY, W. W. Norton and Co., 1999;
302 pp.
ABSTRACT: This
book explains how to apply the techniques of eye movement desensitization and
reprocessing (EMDR) to therapy with traumatized children. The approach relies
on eye movements and hand taps to help children cope with disturbing events or
behaviors. The movements or taps initiate a positive cognition for the patient
to use in response to a negative target memory.
Emphasis is placed on establishing a safe place for the child. Intended for
practitioners who have been trained in the use of EMDR, the book describes
modifications in the therapy for children at each developmental level. Phases
of EMDR are outlined, including client history and treatment planning;
preparation; assessment; desensitization; installation; body scan; closure; and
reevaluation. The text provides guidelines for conducting the first session
with the child and implementing the strategies in simple, as well as complex
trauma cases. Troubleshooting tips and recommendations for application to
different diagnostic categories and symptoms are reviewed. Case examples are
used throughout the book to illustrate the protocols and strategies suggested.
Numerous references, 10 figures, and 5 tables.
KEY TERMS: therapeutic
intervention; intervention
strategies; trauma; childrens therapy; psychotherapy;
protocols; child
development; diagnoses
PUBLICATION TYPE: Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.wwnorton.com
TITLE: Family
Violence.
AUTHOR: Gelles,
R. J.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Pennsylvania
Univ., Philadelphia. School of Social Work.
SOURCE: In:
Hampton, R. L. (Editor). Family Violence: Prevention and Treatment. Second
Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications, Inc., 1999; pp. 1-32
ABSTRACT: This
chapter defines family violence as a broad concept of maltreatment that
includes harmful but not necessarily physically violent acts. Family violence
also refers to maltreatment between individuals who may not actually be members
of a family such as violence in dating relationships. The chapter reviews the
development of family violence research and issues of research methodology. The
3 main sources of data on family violence include clinical data, official
report data, and social surveys. Next, sociological and psychological theories
developed to explain family violence are described and include social learning
theory, resource theory, exchange theory, sociobiological theory, feminist
theory, and an ecological perspective. Controversies in the study of family
violence include abused husbands; intergenerationally transmitted violence;
whether child abuse is over-reported; effectiveness of child sexual abuse
prevention programs; effectiveness of family preservation services; the
battered woman syndrome; deterrence of mandatory arrest; and lost and recovered
memories of sexual abuse. The author concludes by
suggesting 5 steps to help prevent family and intimate violence. Numerous
references.
KEY TERMS: family
violence; family violence
research; ecological theories; biosocial theories; psychological theories; research methodology; prevention
PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter
in Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com/
TITLE: Degrees
of Memory of Childhood Sexual Abuse Among Women
Survivors in Therapy.
AUTHOR: Gold, S.
N.; Hughes, D. M.; Swingle, J. M.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
JOURNAL TITLE: Journal
of Family Violence
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Nova
Southeastern Univ., Fort Lauderdale, FL. Center for Psychological Studies.
SOURCE: 14(1):
pp. 35-46; New York, NY, Kluwer
Academic-Plenum Publishers, March 1999
ABSTRACT: Past
and current memory for childhood sexual abuse reported by a
clinical sample of 160 women survivors was assessed utilizing a structured
clinical interview. Response alternatives for memory
were ordered along a continuum. To minimize treatment effects, participants
were interviewed as early in the outpatient therapy as possible. Fairly
complete recollection both in the past and currently was reported by 26.3
percent of the sample, 36.9 percent apparently lost and subsequently recovered
sexual abuse memories, and 36.9 percent endorsed intermediate
degrees of memory. Only 2.5 percent indicated a decrease in
degree of recollection over time. Age at onset was the only abuse
characteristic found to differentiate participants with fairly complete memory from the rest of the sample. Findings are interpreted as
illustrating that conclusions about memory for
abuse are highly dependent on the way inquiries are conceptualized and worded. Limitations
of the study are reviewed. 1 table, 2 figures, and numerous references. (Author
abstract modified)
KEY TERMS: memory; outpatient
treatment; interviews; sexual abuse; adults abused as children
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.wkap.com
TITLE: Enhancing
Children's Memory Through Cognitive Interviewing: An
Assessment Technique for Social Work Practice.
AUTHOR: Aldridge,
N. C.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
JOURNAL TITLE: Child
and Adolescent Social Work Journal
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Georgia
Univ., Athens. School of Social Work.
SOURCE: 16(2):
pp. 101-126; New York, NY, Kluwer
Academic-Human Sciences Press, April 1999
ABSTRACT: This
article summarizes current research on cognitive interviewing and discusses the
theoretical rationale for the use of the mnemonic strategies, the enhancement
in the cognitive interviewing technique, and the modifications and revisions
conducted from using the cognitive interview with children ages 7 to 12 years.
The cognitive interview is a memory
retrieval procedure consisting of four general retrievals mnemonics which was
developed to assist police officers in interviewing and interrogating
witnesses. The cognitive interview has been accepted as one of the most
successful interview techniques used in real-life investigations. The major
conclusions drawn from the research are that the cognitive interview can
enhance the completeness and accuracy of recollections by children and can
offer a valuable technique for social workers interviewing and evaluating
children who are victims or witnesses to crimes. 86 references. (Author
abstract)
KEY TERMS: memory; assessment; cognitive interviews; child witnesses; social workers;
investigations; interviews; research reviews
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.wkap.com
TITLE: Children's
Recall of Medical Experiences: The Impact of Stress.
AUTHOR: Brown,
D. A.; Salmon, K.; Pipe, M.;
Rutter, M. et al.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
JOURNAL TITLE: Child
Abuse and Neglect
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Otago
Univ., Dunedin (New Zealand). Dept. of Psychology.
SOURCE: 23(3):
pp. 209-216; New York, NY, Elsevier
Science, Ltd., 1999
ABSTRACT: This
article discusses a study that compares children's reports of 2 medical events,
to assess the effects of the type of event on children's recall. The study also
compares the effect of props on children's event reports. Twenty children
between the ages of 37 and 67 months were interviewed following either a
voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) or a pediatric assessment (PA) at a hospital.
Interviews were conducted between 8 and 8 days after the event an included a
doll and prop items. Ratings of stress were significantly higher for children
who underwent the VCUG that those who underwent the PA. Children who
experienced the VCUG procedure reported more correct information than the
children who experienced the PA. Age was correlated with the total amount of
correct information reported. Stress levels were correlated with both errors
and accuracy of information. Children who experienced a stressful medical
procedure remembered more than children who experienced a neutral medical
event, although this increase in amount recalled was at the expense of
accuracy. These findings suggest that stress impacts negatively on recall;
however, the unique structured nature of the VCUG procedure compared to the PA,
and the familiarity of the PA prop items to the children who experienced the
VCUG procedure, may also have contributed to differences in recall of the 2
events. 30 references and 1 table. (Author abstract modified)
KEY TERMS: child
witnesses; memory; testimony; stress
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
TITLE: The
Experience and Effect of Sexual Abuse and Trauma.
AUTHOR: Indart,
G.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
SOURCE: In:
Ryan, G.; Lindstrom, B. R.; Indart, G.; Yager, J.; et al. (Editors). Web of
Meaning: A Developmental-Contextual Approach in Sexual Abuse Treatment.
Brandon, VT, Safer Society Press, 1999;
pp. 49-67
ABSTRACT: This
chapter begins with a theoretical discussion of defining trauma. Two types of
traumas are described. Type 1 traumas are conditions that follow an unexpected
unanticipated external blow. Children experiencing type 1 traumas show no
impairment in their ability to retrieve detailed and full memories of the incident. Type 2 traumas are the conditions that
follow longstanding or repeated exposure to traumatic events. The repeatedly
abused and traumatized child often seen in long-term residential care exhibits
the effects of type 2 trauma. These children have constructed and internalized
a negative working model of themselves and the world prior to the sexual abuse
experience, considering themselves as unworthy and unlovable and others as
unresponsive and unreliable. The injuries inflicted to their self-development
may have been profound and chronic from early in life or may have been acute
events that arrested or distorted normative developmental tasks. For these
children, the experience of sexual abuse may further reinforce and compound
their negative view of self and others. Next, the author explores the impact of
sexual abuse, the behavioral manifestations and sequelae of sexual abuse, and
describes the ways that victims of sexual abuse attempt to cope with this
experience. Defense mechanisms and their accompanying behavioral manifestations
are normal, adaptive human responses to stress, designed to ensure
psychological survival. Victims use defenses in an attempt to alleviate the
stress of feeling vulnerable and to regain a sense of control following
experiences perceived as overwhelming and uncontrollable. These defenses, along
with their behavioral manifestations, serve as a protective barrier against
feeling vulnerable and out of control. The patterns become dysfunctional only
when the behavior is abusive or the stressor is not resolved. Case studies
exemplify the ideas conveyed in the chapter. 1 table, 1 figure, and numerous
references.
KEY TERMS: trauma; sexual abuse; victimization;
sequelae; coping skills; child development; self defense; case
studies
PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter
in Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.safersociety.org
TITLE: Feeling
Good Again: A Workbook for Children Who've Been Sexually Abused.
AUTHOR: Wasserman,
B.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
SOURCE: Brandon,
VT, Safer Society Press, 1999; 288 pp.
ABSTRACT: This
workbook for children who have been sexually abused is written for children
ages 6 and older. It is designed to be used with a child's counselor in aiding
a child to disclose the abuse and to be able to take control of his or her
life. Focusing on treatment issues and questions that children are likely to
have about their abuse, the workbook should be used as a guide and combined
with other materials that teach children about their sexuality and other
concepts they need to know as result of the abuse. Topics include safety and
protection, dealing with various emotions, memories
of the abuse, family issues, and changing behavior. Section 1 of the workbook
contains 12 chapters while section 2 consists of these 4 sections: dealing with
feelings, from victim to survivor, feeling good again, and more questions.
Workbook exercises include many activities include coloring and drawing,
completing sentences, and answering questions. Numerous references.
KEY TERMS: sexual
abuse; emotions; school children; victims; counselors; abused children
PUBLICATION TYPE: Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.safersociety.org
TITLE: Breaking
the Silence: Group Therapy for Childhood Sexual Abuse. A Practioner's Manual.
AUTHOR: Margolin,
J. A.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Rutgers
Univ., New Brunswick, NJ. Graduate School of Applied and Professional
Psychology.
SOURCE: Binhamton,
NY, Haworth Press, Inc., 1999; 167 pp.
ABSTRACT: This
handbook describes a 15 session group therapy program for adult survivors of sexual
abuse. Step-by-step procedures for establishing the group and leading
participants through the recovery process are explained. The first half of the
book reviews the prevalence and effects of sexual abuse, the impact of abuse on
the development of a belief system, treatment approaches, models of group
treatment, group organization and structure, needs assessment, and the special
considerations of males in groups. This section also outlines the framework of
the group psychoeducational program, which integrates presentations by the
group leaders with discussion by participants about their experience. The goals
of the group are to help survivors identify and express their feelings, act to
protect their needs, and improve their functioning. The second section of the
book reviews the topics of group sessions: introduction to the program; trust
and safety; exploration of emotions and beliefs; disclosure; aftermath of
abuse; family dynamics; sexuality and intimacy; processing memories; exploring the meaning (unstructured sessions); and
termination of the group. The final chapter addresses the issues of ethnicity,
confrontation, psychiatric disorders and chemical dependency, transference and
countertransference, and partners of abuse survivors. 5 tables.
KEY TERMS: sexual
abuse; group therapy; adults abused as children; therapeutic intervention; intervention strategies; program models; curricula; therapists
role
PUBLICATION TYPE: Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.haworthpressinc.com
TITLE: I
Never Told Anyone This Before: Managing the Initial Disclosure of Sexual Abuse
Re-Collections.
AUTHOR: Gasker,
J. A.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
SOURCE: Binghamton,
NY, Haworth Press, Inc., 1999; 180 pp.
ABSTRACT: This
book provides guidelines for responding ethically and therapeutically to memories of sexual abuse disclosed by clients. The text explains
how to create an appropriate environment for traumatic memories while avoiding actions that could be perceived as
generating false memories. Theoretical perspectives of memory and sexual abuse are reviewed and terminology that is
client-centered and empirically-based is proposed. Strategies for integrating
traumatic incidents into the life story of clients and validating abuse
recollections are described in the group context. Other chapters outline the
elements of effective therapy and examine the special considerations of working
with people from rural areas, homosexuals or bisexuals, and senior citizens.
Examples of the disclosure process and therapeutic response are provided
throughout the book. Numerous references, 4 figures, and 3 tables.
KEY TERMS: sexual
abuse; disclosure; memory; therapists role; therapists responsibility;
false memory syndrome; best practices;
intervention strategies
PUBLICATION TYPE: Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.haworthpressinc.com
TITLE: The
Neurology of Traumatic Dissociative Amnesia: Commentary and Literature Review.
AUTHOR: Joseph,
R.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
JOURNAL TITLE: Child
Abuse and Neglect
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Brain
Research Laboratory, San Jose, CA.
SOURCE: 23(8):
pp. 715-727; New York, NY, Elsevier
Science Ltd., August 1999
ABSTRACT: A
survey of the research on emotional trauma, learning, memory loss, glucocosteroid stress hormones, and the hippocampus
was conducted to examine the relationship between traumatic emotional stress,
hippocampal injury, memory loss, and traumatic amnesia. Research
findings document and experimentally demonstrate that prolonged and high levels
of stress, fear, and arousal commonly induce learning deficits and memory loss ranging from the minimal to the profound. As stress
and arousal levels dramatically increase, learning and memory deteriorate in accordance with the classic inverse
U-shaped curve. These memory deficits are due to disturbances in
hippocampal activation and arousal, and the corticosteroid secretion which can
suppress neural activity associated with learning and memory and induce hippocampal atrophy. Risk and predisposing
factors include a history of previous emotional trauma or neurological injury
involving the temporal lobe and hippocampus, the repetitive and prolonged
nature of the trauma, and age and individual differences in baseline arousal
and level of cortisol. Although some victims may be unable to forget, amnesia
or partial memory loss is not uncommon following severe
stress and emotional trauma. Even well publicized national traumas may induce
significant forgetting. Memory loss is a consequence of glucocosteroids
and stress-induced disturbances involving the hippocampus, a structure which
normally plays an important role in the storage of various events in long-term memory. Numerous references. (Author abstract)
KEY TERMS: dissociation; amnesia;
memory;
trauma; neurology; literature reviews; neurological impairments; child abuse research
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
TITLE: Childhood
Abuse Recollections in a Nonclinical Population: Forgetting and Secrecy.
AUTHOR: Fish,
V.; Scott, C. G.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
JOURNAL TITLE: Child
Abuse and Neglect
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Family
Therapy Center of Madison, WI.
SOURCE: 23(8):
pp. 791-802; New York, NY, Elsevier
Science Ltd., August 1999
ABSTRACT: This
study investigated the relationship of interrupted memories of childhood abuse with the secrecy of the abuse. Fifteen
hundred people were randomly selected from the membership of the American
Counseling Association and sent a questionnaire regarding childhood abuse
history. Four hundred and twenty-three usable questionnaires were returned and
analyzed. Thirty-two percent of the sample reported childhood abuse. Fifty-two
percent of those reporting abuse also noted periods of forgetting some or all
of the abuse. On the 2 survey items assessing secrecy, 76 percent of
respondents reporting childhood abuse indicated there had been a time when no
one but themselves and their abuser know about the abuse; 47 percent indicated
that an abuser tried to get them to keep the abuse secret. Forty percent
endorsed both secrecy items. Respondents who reported forgetting abuse also
reported one or both elements of secrecy more frequently than those who
reported continuous memories of abuse. These findings are consistent
with those of other studies that suggest that, among adults reporting childhood
abuse, the experience of forgetting some of all abuse is common. Secrecy of the
abuse appears to be associated with the experience of forgetting childhood
abuse for many individuals. The article concludes with suggestions for future
research. 9 tables and numerous references. (Author abstract modified)
KEY TERMS: adults
abused as children; memory;
questionnaires; child abuse
history
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
TITLE: Self-Help
for the Helpers: Preventing Vicarious Traumatization.
AUTHOR: Ryan, K.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Virginia
Commonwealth Univ., Richmond. School of Social Work.
SOURCE: In:
Webb, N. B. (Editor). Play Therapy With Children in Crisis: Individual, Group,
and Family Treatment. Second Edition. Guilford Publications, Inc., New York,
NY., August 1999; pp. 471-491
ABSTRACT: Therapists
who are treating child victims of trauma may experience symptoms themselves,
specifically in the dimensions of frame of reference, self-capacities, ego
resources, psychological needs and related cognitive schemas, and memory system. Similar to countertransference, these symptoms are
identified as vicarious traumatization and can have a negative effect on the
therapist and the client. The therapist must participate in a parallel
treatment such as trauma therapy supervision in order to integrate and
transform his or her feelings. A supervisor or colleague knowledgeable about
child therapy should be consulted to address reactions to trauma and assist
with the processing of conscious and unconscious feelings. Other coping
strategies include: continue professional contacts; limit exposure to trauma;
participate in personal psychotherapy; seek out caring relationships and
experiences outside of work; create boundaries between work and personal life;
obtain support; and confront traumatic imagery. A transcript of a consultation
group meeting is provided in the chapter. 23 references.
KEY TERMS: childrens
therapy; intervention strategies; therapists role; trauma; therapists; coping skills
PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter
in Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.guilford.com
TITLE: Recovered
Memory Therapy: Responses to All.
AUTHOR: Stocks,
J. T.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
JOURNAL TITLE: Social
Work
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Michigan
State Univ., Lansing. School of Social Work.
SOURCE: 44(5):
pp. 491-499; National Association of
Social Workers, Inc., Washington, DC., September 1999
ABSTRACT: Research
about the validity of recovered memories of
child sexual abuse is reviewed in this article to refute criticisms published
in a previous article. Responses are provided to eight researchers and experts
who expressed concerns that the original article failed to provide evidence for
the position that recovered memory work does not necessarily result in valid
information about abuse. The original article and the response reiterate that
recovered memory therapy can yield true and false memories. However, there is no way to determine which memories really happened and which were suggested by therapists.
There is also no evidence that recovered memory therapy
promotes healing in patients. In fact, the research suggests that such therapy
is harmful to clients. 42 references.
KEY TERMS: memory; repression; therapeutic effectiveness; false memory
syndrome; validity; research methodology; false allegations; research reviews
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.naswpress.org
TITLE: Recovered
Memories: Context and Controversy.
AUTHOR: Lein,
J.; Aukamp, A. W.; Fournier, R. R.; Weeks, B. L. et al.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
JOURNAL TITLE: Social
Work
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: North
Central Human Service Center, Minot, ND.
SOURCE: 44(5):
pp. 481-490; National Association of
Social Workers, Inc., Washington, DC., September 1999
ABSTRACT: Written
in response to the article, Recovered Memory
Therapy: A Dubious Practice Technique, by J.T. Stocks in a previous issue of the
journal, these articles and letters outline research and experience that
supports the use of therapy intended to help patients remember incidents of
childhood sexual abuse. Stocks' positions criticizing recovered memory techniques are compared to those of the False Memory Syndrome Foundation that helps accused parents defend
themselves against allegations made on the basis of recovered memories. The group accuses therapists of implanting false memories in their patients. Repressed memories have also been questioned on the basis of neurological
distortions. However, research in this area focuses on brain functions
regarding traumatic memory as it operates in the amygdala in the
brain, rather than where normal memories are
processed in the hippocampus. The articles assert that the original article did
not provide adequate evidence in support of its positions and that recovered memory therapy is an appropriate intervention with patients
suspected of a history of child sexual abuse. More discussion is needed by
professionals to resolve the controversy about recovered memories. 6 references.
KEY TERMS: memory; repression; therapeutic effectiveness; false memory
syndrome; sexual abuse; adults abused as children; sequelae;
social work
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.naswpress.org
TITLE: Trauma
and Delayed Memory: A Review of the Repressed Memories Literature.
AUTHOR: Flathman,
M.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
JOURNAL TITLE: Journal
of Child Sexual Abuse
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Eastern
Kentucky Univ., Richmond. Student Counseling Center.
SOURCE: 8(2):
pp. 1-23; Haworth Press, Inc.,
Binghamton, NY., 1999
ABSTRACT: This
review aims to draw balanced conclusions about trauma and memory from the intensely polarized debate currently raging over
repressed' memories, or better, delayed memories (DM). Research suggests that: emotion impacts memory; psychogenic amnesia can be a reaction to unusual levels
of trauma; memory is malleable and delayed memories are prone to errors; however, inaccuracies in traumatic memories are more likely to be in peripheral details than central
details. Also reviewed are infantile amnesia, clinical surveys on DM, and two
psychoanalytic perspectives on DM. Treatment recommendations are culled from
the literature. In order that the debate over adult DM not divert attention
from the reality of child abuse and its damage, child abuse issues begin and
end the review. 77 references. (Author abstract)
KEY TERMS: literature
reviews; repression; memory; trauma;
amnesia; child abuse
research; sequelae; adults abused as children
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.haworthpressinc.com
TITLE: Psychological
Effects of Childhood Sexual Abuse.
AUTHOR: Green,
S. C.; Wonderlich, S.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
JOURNAL TITLE: ASAPT
Update
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Alliance
for Sexual Abuse Prevention and Treatment, Fargo, ND.
SOURCE: 7(2):
pp. 2-8; Alliance for Sexual Abuse
Prevention and Treatment, Fargo, ND., June 1999
ABSTRACT: This
article reviews the impact of childhood sexual abuse on the physical health of
the victim. Research findings about the neurological, medical, and behavioral
effects of sexual abuse are summarized. Studies have found a link between
childhood sexual abuse and the occurrence of neuroendocrine dysregulation,
brain and memory function, hippocampal function,
hemispheric lateralization, immune system problems, somatization,
gastrointestinal illnesses, sexual and reproductive problems, eating disorders,
substance abuse, and self-injurious behaviors. Physicians should be aware of
the possibility of childhood sexual abuse when patients present with these
problems, but should not suggest that these medical difficulties will
definitely develop. 95 references.
KEY TERMS: sexual
abuse; sequelae; medical aspects of child abuse; research reviews; neurological impairments;
chronic brain damage; memory; behavior problems
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
TITLE: Children's
Eyewitness Memory for a Repeated Event.
AUTHOR: McNichol,
S.; Shute, R.; Tucker, A.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
JOURNAL TITLE: Child
Abuse and Neglect
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Coach
House, Norwood, SA (Australia). Sexual Offenders Treatment Assessment
Programme.
SOURCE: 23(11):
pp. 1127-1139; Elsevier Science Ltd.,
New York, NY., November 1999
ABSTRACT: This
study examined a significant issue for chronic sexual abuse investigations:
Children's eyewitness testimony about repeated events. The few previous studies
focused on preschoolers and none used the present methodology of presenting
repeated events differing slightly in their details, as would happen in chronic
abuse. One group of 6- and 7-year olds played individually with an experimenter
on one occasion; the other group experienced three such events, with some
details remaining the same and others changing. In a phased interview, children
were questioned about the initial event. For details which stayed the same, the
children who experienced three events had more accurate memories. They had poorer memories than
the single-event group for details which were changed in the later events;
however, this was due to interference errors, with errors of omission and
commission being lower than in the single-event group. Children conveyed
clearly that inappropriate touching did not occur. Children who experience
repeated events have increased recall for repeated details but confuse the
timing of details which change across events. The findings support previous
suggestions that it is unrealistic to expect children to be able to report
repeated events without some confusion about timing of details and that
children are resistant to misleading questions about abuse. 23 references and 1
table. (Author abstract)
KEY TERMS: memory; child
witnesses; credibility; competency;
sexual abuse;
suggestibility; child abuse
research; testimony
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
TITLE: The
Comprehensive Childhood Maltreatment Inventory: Early Development and
Reliability Analyses.
AUTHOR: Riddle,
K. P.; Aponte, J. F.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
JOURNAL TITLE: Child
Abuse and Neglect
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Louisville
Univ., KY. Psychology Dept.
SOURCE: 23(11):
pp. 1103-1115; Elsevier Science Ltd.,
New York, NY., November 1999
ABSTRACT: The
goal of this study was to develop a reliable measure of childhood maltreatment
that could be used to evaluate retrospective memories
among adults across a broad range of potentially abusive caregiver behaviors.
These behaviors were organized into 31 items that query age at onset, frequency
across 4 developmental periods, relationships of the perpetrator(s), and
respondents' perception of the experience. Additional factors directly relevant
to each of the individual 4 categories of childhood maltreatment were also
queried. Preliminary data collected from 95 college students find the measure
to have excellent test-retest reliability, and 2 of 4 subscales to possess
adequate internal consistency. Reasons for low internal consistency for the
Physical Maltreatment and Physical Neglect categories and the relative
importance of test- retest reliability as compared to internal consistency in a
questionnaire of this type are discussed. 48 references and 3 tables. (Author
abstract)
KEY TERMS: adults
abused as children; measures; assessment;
reliability; validity; sequelae;
predictor variables; parental
behavior
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
TITLE: Applying
the Realities of Child Development to Legal Representation: A Quick Reference
for Lawyers and Judges.
AUTHOR: Donaido,
B. T.; Wilen, S. R.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
JOURNAL TITLE: Michigan
Child Welfare Law Journal
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Michigan
Univ. Law School, Ann Arbor.
SOURCE: 3(2):
pp. 2-11; Michigan Univ. Law School,
Ann Arbor. Michigan Child Welfare Law Resource Center., Spring-Summer 1999
ABSTRACT: This
article outlines the important milestones of child development that attorneys and
judges should consider in any case involving children. Lawyers should interview
the child his or her parents, and others to determine whether the child is in
the normal range of development and what type of developmental problems he or
she may have. The assessment should address prenatal medical care, motor
skills, medical problems, school performance, peer and family relationships,
home environment, parental physical or psychological problems, hobbies and
interests, general temperament, fears and worries, self-concept, memories, and professional diagnoses. Developmental milestones are
identified in the article by age group, from birth to age 18 years. Symptoms of
common deviations are also described, including attention deficit-hyperactivity
disorder, conduct disorder, mood disorders, and anxiety disorders.
KEY TERMS: child
development; legal processes; lawyers role; judicial role;
competency; child custody; criminal justice system; child development deviations
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
TITLE: The
Impact of Dissociation, Trauma, and Stress Arousal on the Memory and Suggestibility of Physically and Sexually Abused, and
Neglected Children.
AUTHOR: Eisen,
M.; Qin, J.; Goodman, G. S.; Savis, S.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: California
State Univ., Los Angeles.
SOURCE: California
State Univ., Los Angeles, May 1999; 328
pp.
ABSTRACT: This
final report details the findings of two studies of the effects of age and
stress on children's memory. The first study investigated the
relationships between age, stress arousal, trauma-related pathology,
intellectual performance, and event memory in a
group of 328 suspected victims of child maltreatment. The study was unique in
that all testing occurred in the context of actual forensic investigations of
abuse and neglect. Children's memory for an
anogenital examination- venipuncture, neutral event, and psychological
consultation was examined. Ratings of the detail and consistency of children's
disclosures of abuse in forensic and clinical interviews were also analyzed.
Typical age differences in memory were uncovered. Maltreated children's
performance in response to abuse-related misleading questions was comparable to
the performance of comparison, nonabused children. Findings were mixed
regarding relations of dissociative tendencies and post- traumatic stress
disorder to children's memory, in part because of measurement
difficulties. Clinicians' ratings of psychopathology were significantly related
to memory performance. Other predictors of
children's event memory and abuse disclosure patterns were
explored. The second study was designed to assess effects of age, abuse
history, and stress arousal on children's memory
and suggestibility. One hundred eighty-nine 3- to 17-year olds undergoing
evaluations of alleged maltreatment were questioned about an anogenital
examination and-or clinical interview. Results indicated that older compared to
younger children exhibited more accurate memory
performance and greater resistance to suggestions. Age was also significantly
related to interviewers' ratings of the amount of detail in children's abuse
reports. General psychopathology, dissociation, short-term memory, and intellectual ability were inconsistent predictors of
children's memory and suggestibility, whereas stress
arousal was consistently unrelated to children's memory performance. Implications for understanding children's
eyewitness memory are discussed. Numerous references and 39
tables. (Author abstract)
KEY TERMS: memory; child
witnesses; competency; suggestibility; trauma; posttraumatic
stress disorder; dissociation; sequelae
PUBLICATION TYPE: Final
Report
INTERNET URL: http://www.calstatela.edu
TITLE: Planting
False Childhood Memories in Children: The Role of Event
Plausibility.
AUTHOR: Pezdek,
K.; Hodge, D.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
JOURNAL TITLE: Child
Development
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Claremont
Graduate Univ., CA. Dept. of Psychology.
SOURCE: 70(4):
pp. 887-895; Blackwell Publishers,
Inc., Malden, MA, July-August 1999
ABSTRACT: This
experiment tested and supported the hypothesis that events will be suggestively
planted in children's memory to the degree that the suggested event is
plausible and script-relevant knowledge exists in memory. Nineteen 5- to 7-year-old children and 20 9- to
12-year-old children were read descriptions of two true events and two false
events, reported to have occurred when they were 4 years old. One false event
described the child lost in a mall while shopping (the plausible false event);
the other false event described the child receiving a rectal enema (the
implausible false event). The majority of the 39 children (54 percent) did not
remember either false event. However, whereas 14 children recalled the
plausible but not the implausible false event, only one child recalled the
implausible but not the plausible false event; this difference was
statistically significant. Three additional children (all in the younger age
group) recalled both false events. Although this pattern of results was
consistent for both age groups, the differences were significant for the
younger children only. A framework is outlined specifying the cognitive
processes underlying suggestively planting false events in memory. 17 references and 2 tables. (Author abstract)
KEY TERMS: memory;
suggestibility; child
witnesses; false allegations; child abuse research; leading questions; credibility; cognitive
interviews
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.blackwellscience.com
TITLE: Kinship
Fostering and Child Protection.
AUTHOR: Foulds,
J.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Derby
City Social Services Dept. (United Kingdom).
SOURCE: In:
Greeff, R. and Campling, J. (Editors). Fostering Kinship: An International
Perspective on Kinship Foster Care. Ashgate Publishing Co., Brookfield, VT.,
1999; pp. 69-84
ABSTRACT: This
chapter describes situations in which kinship care or parental contact may
place children at risk for further abuse or harm. Social workers are advised to
consider evidence of denial of abuse or indications of sexual abuse
accommodation syndrome when making decisions about placements. Some family
members may deny that the abuse took place, or the child may deny emotions and memories of abuse. Children might also exhibit ambivalent feelings,
unhealthy attachments, or the need to appease their abusers. In these cases,
the child may be best placed in a non- family arrangement. Social workers should
be aware of the effects of sexual abuse and generational cycles of abuse. 22
references.
KEY TERMS: child
protection; kinship care; great britain; risk factors; sexual
abuse; sexual abuse accommodation
syndrome; denial; generational cycle of child abuse
PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter
in Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.ashgate.com
TITLE: Children
in Satanic Rituals.
AUTHOR: Palermo,
G. B.; Del Re, M.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Medical
Coll. of Wisconsin, Milwakee. Dept. of Psychiatry.
SOURCE: In:
Palermo, G. B. and Del Re, M. Satanism: Psychiatric and Legal Views. Charles C.
Thomas, Publisher, Ltd., Springfield, IL., November 9, 1999; pp. 68-85
ABSTRACT: This
chapter describes the characteristics of ritual abuse and reviews
considerations for determining the validity of allegations. Typical Satanist
practices are summarized, from the delivery of newborns to the process of
alienation and subjugation during childhood. Memories
of these experiences are often repressed and when recovered during
psychotherapy are thought to be unbelievable and unsubstantiated. Although
hypnosis has been used to successfully prompt real memories of abuse, it has also resulted in false memories and a debate among clinicians, social scientists, and
legal professionals about the actual existence of Satanic cults and abuse. The
chapter advises that testimony about Satanic abuse be thoroughly investigated
before admission in court.
KEY TERMS: ritual
abuse; sexual abuse; public policy; credibility; memory; multiple
personality disorder; testimony; characteristics of abused
PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter
in Book
TITLE: FALSE
ALLEGATIONS AND FALSE MEMORY SYNDROME: Selected Articles.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
SOURCE: NCCAN
Annotated Bibliographies; 1999
KEY TERMS: false
memory syndrome; trauma; memory; social
policies; policy formation; political factors; public opinion; social
attitudes; dissociation; amnesia;
evidence; multiple personality
disorder; false allegations; neurology;
adults abused as children;
repression; validity; sexual abuse; research reviews;
suggestibility; theories; therapeutic intervention; therapists role; research methodology;
psychotherapy; models; mental health; child witnesses; child
development; literature reviews; individual characteristics; credibility
PUBLICATION TYPE: Annotated
Bibliography
INTRODUCTION: This
annotated bibliography is a product of the National Clearinghouse
on Child Abuse and Neglect Information. The references have been selected
from thousands of materials available in our database to provide you with
the most up-to-date information related to child victims, witnesses, and
perpetrators of violence.
This bibliography looks at prevention, intervention and treatment issues
in relation to the impacts of violence on children. It is presented in
three sections: children as victims of violence, children as witnesses of
violence, and children and adolescents as perpetrators of violence.
Although many references cover more than one subject area, each citation
is listed only once in this bibliography, primarily under its major
subject heading.
All documents in this bibliography are contained in the Clearinghouse
library and are referenced following the format of the American
Psychological Association (APA). Authors, titles, publication dates and
publishers are provided within this format for each reference. We are
not, however, able to provide photocopies of all materials due to
copyright restrictions. Copies of publications that are not copyrighted,
such as Government publications, grant reports, or unpublished papers,
are available from the Clearinghouse for a reproduction fee of $0.10 per
page. Journal articles and chapters in books are copyrighted and may be
found at research or university libraries.
Information Specialists can answer questions about copyright status and
ordering information, as well as guide you in selecting materials from
this bibliography or suggest other materials that may be useful to you.
In addition, Specialists are available to conduct customized searches
of Clearinghouse databases for a base fee of $5.00 plus $.20 per record.
For more information, please contact
National Clearinghouse on Child Abuse and Neglect Information
330 C St., SW
Washington, DC 20447
Tel.: (800)394-3366 or 703-385-7565
Fax: 703-385-3206
E-mail: nccanch@calib.com
INTERNET URL: http://www.calib.com/nccanch
TITLE: GENERATIONAL
CYCLE OF ABUSE: Selected Articles.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
SOURCE: NCCAN
Annotated Bibliographies; 1999
KEY TERMS: child
sexual abuse; adults abused as
children; spouse abuse; child abuse history; mother child relationships; sexually abusive children; depression;
interviews; prenatal child
abuse; prenatal care; prenatal influences; drug exposed infants; alcohol abuse; substance abusing mothers;
substance abuse;
intervention; behavior problems; generational cycle of family violence; child witnesses of family violence; violence;
environmental influences;
neurology; emotional
development; battering relationships; battered women; male batterers;
dissociation; attachment; psychological characteristics; prevalence;
incidence; statistical
data; characteristics of abused; characteristics of abuser; predictor variables; generational cycle of child abuse; sequelae;
risk factors; trauma; marital conflicts; longitudinal studies
PUBLICATION TYPE: Annotated
Bibliography
INTRODUCTION: This
annotated bibliography is a product of the National Clearinghouse
on Child Abuse and Neglect Information. The references have been selected
from thousands of materials available in our database to provide you with
the most up-to-date information related to child victims, witnesses, and
perpetrators of violence.
This bibliography looks at prevention, intervention and treatment issues
in relation to the impacts of violence on children. It is presented in
three sections: children as victims of violence, children as witnesses of
violence, and children and adolescents as perpetrators of violence.
Although many references cover more than one subject area, each citation
is listed only once in this bibliography, primarily under its major
subject heading.
All documents in this bibliography are contained in the Clearinghouse
library and are referenced following the format of the American
Psychological Association (APA). Authors, titles, publication dates and
publishers are provided within this format for each reference. We are
not, however, able to provide photocopies of all materials due to
copyright restrictions. Copies of publications that are not copyrighted,
such as Government publications, grant reports, or unpublished papers,
are available from the Clearinghouse for a reproduction fee of $0.10 per
page. Journal articles and chapters in books are copyrighted and may be
found at research or university libraries.
Information Specialists can answer questions about copyright status and
ordering information, as well as guide you in selecting materials from
this bibliography or suggest other materials that may be useful to you.
In addition, Specialists are available to conduct customized searches
of Clearinghouse databases for a base fee of $5.00 plus $.20 per record.
For more information, please contact
National Clearinghouse on Child Abuse and Neglect Information
330 C St., SW
Washington, DC 20447
Tel.: (800)394-3366 or 703-385-7565
Fax: 703-385-3206
E-mail: nccanch@calib.com
INTERNET URL: http://www.calib.com/nccanch
TITLE: CHILDREN
WHO WITNESS VIOLENCE: Selected Articles.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
SOURCE: NCCAN
Annotated Bibliographies; 1999
KEY TERMS: child
witnesses; alcohol abuse; child witnesses of family violence; spouse abuse; etiology; battering
relationships; battered women; batterers attitudes; assessment;
bettered women; multiproblem
families; psychological
evaluation; evaluation methods; confidentiality; child abuse reporting;
passive abusers; nonabusive
parents; criminal charges; intervention strategies; parental behavior; child neglect; social
skills; emotional development; preschool children; sequelae;
posttraumatic stress disorder;
resilience; coping skills; childrens services; homeless shelters; marital conflicts; risk
factors; child psychiatry; adults abused as children; substance abuse; depression; health
status; suicide; aggressive behavior; prevention programs; group therapy; childrens therapy;
program evaluation; therapeutic
effectiveness; family violence; community violence; prevention;
school violence; child
development; psychological stress; research needs; intervention;
outcomes; research reviews; woman abuse; social adjustment;
theories; research
methodology; generational cycle of
family violence; family therapy; family relationships; parenting;
police role; behavior
problems; data collection; measures;
family environment; adjustment
problems; individual
characteristics; psychological
characteristics; cognitive
development; family violence
research; sibling abuse; spousal violence; psychological abuse;
physical abuse; schools; academic achievement; Juvenile delinquency; homicide;
longitudinal studies; federal
statutory law; state statutory law; child custody; visitation; child welfare
reform; child abuse research; symptoms;
sexual abuse; prostitution; adolescents; family characteristics;
substance abusing parents
PUBLICATION TYPE: Annotated
Bibliography
INTRODUCTION: This
annotated bibliography is a product of the National Clearinghouse
on Child Abuse and Neglect Information. The references have been selected
from thousands of materials available in our database to provide you with
the most up-to-date information related to child victims, witnesses, and
perpetrators of violence.
This bibliography looks at prevention, intervention and treatment issues
in relation to the impacts of violence on children. It is presented in
three sections: children as victims of violence, children as witnesses of
violence, and children and adolescents as perpetrators of violence.
Although many references cover more than one subject area, each citation
is listed only once in this bibliography, primarily under its major
subject heading.
All documents in this bibliography are contained in the Clearinghouse
library and are referenced following the format of the American
Psychological Association (APA). Authors, titles, publication dates and
publishers are provided within this format for each reference. We are
not, however, able to provide photocopies of all materials due to
copyright restrictions. Copies of publications that are not copyrighted,
such as Government publications, grant reports, or unpublished papers,
are available from the Clearinghouse for a reproduction fee of $0.10 per
page. Journal articles and chapters in books are copyrighted and may be
found at research or university libraries.
Information Specialists can answer questions about copyright status and
ordering information, as well as guide you in selecting materials from
this bibliography or suggest other materials that may be useful to you.
In addition, Specialists are available to conduct customized searches
of Clearinghouse databases for a base fee of $5.00 plus $.20 per record.
For more information, please contact
National Clearinghouse on Child Abuse and Neglect Information
330 C St., SW
Washington, DC 20447
Tel.: (800)394-3366 or 703-385-7565
Fax: 703-385-3206
E-mail: nccanch@calib.com
INTERNET URL: http://www.calib.com/nccanch
TITLE: THE
LINK BETWEEN CHILD ABUSE AND ANIMAL ABUSE: Selected Articles.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
SOURCE: NCCAN
Annotated Bibliographies; 1999
KEY TERMS: family
violence; animal cruelty; child witnesses of family violence; interagency collaboration; crisis intervention; community intervention projects; abusive children; generational cycle of family violence; etiology; sequelae; family violence research; interpersonal relationships; literature reviews; historical perspectives; child abuse; medical services; child
health; institutional abuse and
neglect; spouse abuse; feminism;
models; sexual abuse; policy formation; child advocacy; child
abuse reporting; predictor
variables; physicians role; prevention;
physical abuse; corporal
punishment; prevalence; child witnesses; felony; adults abused as
children; antisocial behavior; interdisciplinary approach; interagency cooperation; assessment;
psychological evaluation;
measures; intervention strategies
PUBLICATION TYPE: Annotated
Bibliography
INTRODUCTION: This
annotated bibliography is a product of the National Clearinghouse
on Child Abuse and Neglect Information. The references have been selected
from thousands of materials available in our database to provide you with
the most up-to-date information related to child victims, witnesses, and
perpetrators of violence.
This bibliography looks at prevention, intervention and treatment issues
in relation to the impacts of violence on children. It is presented in
three sections: children as victims of violence, children as witnesses of
violence, and children and adolescents as perpetrators of violence.
Although many references cover more than one subject area, each citation
is listed only once in this bibliography, primarily under its major
subject heading.
All documents in this bibliography are contained in the Clearinghouse
library and are referenced following the format of the American
Psychological Association (APA). Authors, titles, publication dates and
publishers are provided within this format for each reference. We are
not, however, able to provide photocopies of all materials due to
copyright restrictions. Copies of publications that are not copyrighted,
such as Government publications, grant reports, or unpublished papers,
are available from the Clearinghouse for a reproduction fee of $0.10 per
page. Journal articles and chapters in books are copyrighted and may be
found at research or university libraries.
Information Specialists can answer questions about copyright status and
ordering information, as well as guide you in selecting materials from
this bibliography or suggest other materials that may be useful to you.
In addition, Specialists are available to conduct customized searches
of Clearinghouse databases for a base fee of $5.00 plus $.20 per record.
For more information, please contact
National Clearinghouse on Child Abuse and Neglect Information
330 C St., SW
Washington, DC 20447
Tel.: (800)394-3366 or 703-385-7565
Fax: 703-385-3206
E-mail: nccanch@calib.com
INTERNET URL: http://www.calib.com/nccanch
TITLE: INTERVIEWING
CHILD WITNESSES: Selected articles.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1999
SOURCE: NCCAN
Annotated Bibliographies; 1999