TITLE: Impact of Child
Noncompliance on Stress Appraisals, Attributions, and Disciplinary Choices in
Mothers at High and Low Risk for Child Physical Abuse.
AUTHOR: Dopke, C. A.; Milner, J. S.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000
JOURNAL TITLE: Child
Abuse and Neglect
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Northern
Illinois Univ., DeKalb. Dept. of Psychology.
SOURCE: 24(4): pp.
493-504; Elsevier Science Ltd., New
York, NY., April 2000; p. 179
ABSTRACT: This
study investigated the impact of repeated child noncompliance on stress
appraisals, attributions, and disciplinary choices in high- and low-risk
mothers. Twenty-five high risk and 25 demographically matched low-risk mothers
responded to questions related to stress appraisals, attributions, and
disciplinary choices following presentations of a child engaging in repeated
noncompliance. After repeated child noncompliance, high-risk, compared to
low-risk, mothers perceived morethreat and uncontrollability, rated
child behaviors as more stressful, and reported higher levels of negative
affect. High-risk mothers also reported more stable, global, and intentional
attributions, with a trend toward more internal attributions, but did not
differ in their evaluation of wrongness and seriousness of the child's
behavior. After repeated noncompliance, a risk group difference was found in
estimates of future child compliance but not in the use of power assertive
discipline. Results support the view that high-risk, relative to low-risk,
mothers are differentially responsive to stressful situations and differ in
their attributions for negative child behaviors and in their expectations of
future child compliance. However, since risk group differences in disciplinary
choices were not also found, additional research is needed to demonstrate the
process through which risk group cognitive and affective differences are
related to differences in disciplinary behavior. 57 references and 4 tables.
(Author abstract)
KEY TERMS: mothers; child behavior; parental attitudes;
discipline; child abuse
research; risk factors; parental expectations; high risk groups
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
TITLE: Coping Strategies
and Burnout Among Veteran Child Protection Workers.
AUTHOR: Anderson, D. G.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000
JOURNAL TITLE: Child
Abuse and Neglect
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Kentucky
Univ., Lexington. Coll. of Social Work.
SOURCE: 24(6): pp.
839-848; Elsevier Science, Ltd., New
York, NY., June 2000; p. 200
ABSTRACT: This
study examined how veteran child protective service investigations workers cope
with job stress and the relationship between coping strategies and levels of
emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and sense of reduced personal
accomplishment (burnout syndrome). Cross-sectional, self-report methodology was
used to measure coping strategies and the burnout syndrome. The voluntary
subjects were 151 front-line child protective service workers with at least 2
years experience in a southeastern Department of Social Services. They attended
one of nine stress management workshops provided in various locations around
the state. Quantitative analyses were run on the data. These workers perceived themselves to use Engaged (active) coping strategies more
than Disengaged (avoidant) strategies. Sixty-two percent of participants scored
in the high range on Emotional Exhaustion, the aspect some researchers consider
to be the heart of Burnout. Those who used Engaged coping were less likely to
feel depersonalized and more likely to feel a sense of personal accomplishment.
Neither the use of active nor avoidant coping strategies saved these workers
from Emotional Exhaustion. The problem-focused strategies they are taught and
use most do not help deal with the emotional content and context of their work,
suggesting the use of emotion-focused coping to prevent and remediate burnout.
39 references and 3 tables. (Author abstract)
KEY TERMS: child
welfare workers; coping skills; well being;
child protective services; psychological
characteristics; stress
management; investigations; child welfare research
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
TITLE: The Influence of
Personality and History of Sexual Victimization in the Prediction of Juvenile
Perpetrated Child Molestation.
AUTHOR: Hunter, J. A.; Figueredo, A. J.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000
JOURNAL TITLE: Behavior
Modification
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Virginia
Univ., Charlottesville. School of Medicine.
SOURCE: 24(2): pp.
241-263; Sage Publications, Inc.,
Thousand Oaks, CA., April 2000; p. 241
ABSTRACT: Structural
equation modeling was used to delineate the relationship between sexual
victimization and personality variables in the prediction of patterns of child
molestation in adolescent males. Two hundred thirty-five adolescents,
representing subsamples of sexually victimized and nonvictimized, perpetrating
and nonperpetrating, and emotionally maladjusted and nonmaladjusted youths,
participated in the study. Juvenile child molesters were found to have more pessimistic
explanatorystyles and deficits in self-sufficiency relative to nonoffending
youths. A younger age at time of victimization, a greater number of incidents,
a longer period of waiting to report the abuse, and a lower level of perceived family support postrevelation of the abuse were found to
be predictive of subsequent sexual perpetration. Implications for treatment are
discussed. 44 references, 1 figure, and 2 tables. (Author abstract)
KEY TERMS: adolescent
sex offenders; sexual abuse; child abuse history; sequelae;
characteristics of abuser;
personality; predictor
variables; child abuse research
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
TITLE: The Relevance of
Narrative Research With Children Who Witness War and Children Who Witness Woman
Abuse.
AUTHOR: Berman, H.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000
JOURNAL TITLE: Journal
of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: University
of Western Ontario, London (Canada). School of Nursing.
SOURCE: 3(1): pp.
107-125; Haworth Press, Inc.,
Binghamton, NY., 2000; p. 253
ABSTRACT: This
article highlights findings from a recent critical narrative study comparing
the experiences of children of war and children exposed to domestic violence.
The sample consisted of 15 children of war and 16 children of battered women,
ages 10-17. Although both groups of children reported similar symptoms of
trauma, such as loneliness, problems eating and sleeping, headaches and
intrusive thoughts and fears, their perceptions of
their experiences were significantly different. The children of war had fond
memories of their life before the war and viewed the war as a temporary
situation. The children who witnessed domestic violence often were unable to
identify periods of happiness and contentment in their life. Children of
warwere clear that they were on the right side of a conflict between good and
bad, while children exposed to spouse abuse could not take sides in their
conflict. The relevance of narrative research with this population is discussed
and implications for researchers and clinicians are presented. 55 references.
(Author abstract modified)
KEY TERMS: research
methodology; child witnesses of family
violence; trauma; community violence; child abuse research; qualitative research; posttraumatic stress disorder; sequelae
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.haworthpressinc.com
TITLE: Evaluation of the
London (Ontario) Community Group Treatment Programme for Children Who Have
Witnessed Woman Abuse.
AUTHOR: Suderman, M.; Marshall, L.; Loosely, S.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000
JOURNAL TITLE: Journal
of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Thames
Valle District School Board, London, ON (Canada).
SOURCE: 3(1): pp.
127-146; Haworth Press, Inc.,
Binghamton, NY., 2000; p. 254
ABSTRACT: This
article describes a community group model of intervention for children exposed
to woman abuse, and an evaluation approach used to assess the impact of such
groups. The collaborative development of the questionnaire-interview evaluation
instruments for this purpose is described, and the set of instruments is
presented in its entirety. The main instrument was tailored to the content of
the groups and covers topics such as definitions and understanding of abuse,
safety skills, beliefs and attitudes about abuse, perceived responsibility for abuse, alternatives to violence,
non-violent conflict resolution strategies, and help-seeking skills. Both
closed-ended and open-ended questions are employed. Separate questionnaires
assess consumer (mother or caregiver and child) satisfaction and feedback. The
results of a study evaluating the groups are described, which showed positive
changes from pre to post intervention, as well as a high degree of satisfaction
among children and mothers with regard to the groups. 17 references. (Author
abstract)
KEY TERMS: program
evaluation; child witnesses of family
violence; group therapy; therapeutic effectiveness; community intervention projects; assessment;
program models; canada
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.haworthpressinc.com
TITLE: The Transracial
Adoption Debate in the United States.
AUTHOR: Lancaster, M. K.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Monroe
County Florida Public Schools.
SOURCE: Kathy Lancaster,
Key Colony Beach, FL., February 2000;
p. 267
ABSTRACT: This
paper applies social systems logic, theory, and concepts to an analysis of the
structures and processes, problems, and prospects involved in the cross
cultural adoption of minority children into dominant culture families.
Argumentsfor and against transracial adoption are summarized, with an
examination of the values of community-self determination, the benefits of
integration, and the needs of children for permanency. Viewed in one regard,
this social issue has the potential of pitting two social systems,
racial-cultural preservation and child welfare (permanency), against each
other. Viewed in another regard, the issue can be approached with a goal of
harmony for both society and for individuals. Proponents and opponents of
transracial adoption are urged to focus on their shared goal of child welfare
to form partnerships and help multiracial families support the development of
racial identity in minority children. The perception of conflict between the goals of these two systems
(racial-cultural preservation and child welfare) is also addressed. 14
references. (Author abstract modified)
KEY TERMS: transracial
adoption; social problems; sociology;
racial identity; child welfare; permanency planning; policy formation; social policies
PUBLICATION TYPE: Technical
Report
TITLE: Cultural Factors in
Child Maltreatment and Domestic Violence in Korea.
AUTHOR: Doe, S. S.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000
JOURNAL TITLE: Children
and Youth Services Review
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Indiana
Univ. Northwest. Div. of Social Work.
SOURCE: 22(3-4): pp.
231-236; Elsevier Science, Ltd., New
York, NY., March-April 2000; p. 286
ABSTRACT: Recent
laws enacted and proposed in Korea illustrate the country s growing recognition
of the social problems of child maltreatment and domestic violence. However,
differences in perceptions of the use of corporal punishment and
intervention exist among teachers, physicians, and social workers, as well as
in the general public. In Korean culture, children are taught to be obedient
and to live up to adults expectations, quietly carrying out their important
duties like schoolwork.In such an adult-centered culture that has largely
ignored children s opinions and perceptions,
corporal punishment has been accepted as a disciplinary action often employed
by parents and teachers. Until recently, little public attention has been paid
to children at risk of being abused in the name of disciplining. Empirical
studies conducted in the 1990s found that physical punishment is prevalent,
with boys and younger children most likely to be disciplined. Social workers
and physicians are more likely than teachers to perceive corporal punishment as child maltreatment and to support
government intervention. Similarly, traditional patriarchal values also
contributed to domestic violence, as husbands imposed the hierarchical order in
the family. One study found that as many as 30 percent of couples interviewed
had experienced some form of violence in the previous year. Coverage by the
media and advocacy by various civic and non-profit organizations has prompted
the establishment of a national level public policy for preventing child abuse
and domestic violence. 6 references. (Author abstract modified)
KEY TERMS: child
abuse research; spouse abuse; asia;
cultural factors; cultural
values; corporal punishment; social problems; public awareness
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
TITLE: The Dangerousness
of Parents Who Have Abnormal Illness Behaviour.
AUTHOR: Eminson, M.; Atkin, B. L.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000
JOURNAL TITLE: Child
Abuse Review
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Royal
Bolton Hospital, Farnworth (United Kingdom).
SOURCE: 9(1): pp.
68-73; John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New
York, NY., January-February 2000; p.
315
ABSTRACT: Parental
abnormal illness behavior can affect children in many ways, developmentally,
physically, and psychologically. The most direct effect is the likelihood that
parents with abnormal illness behavior will inflict their children withfactitious
disorders or Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy. In addition, parents who believe
they are seriously ill spend a great deal of time in the hospital, at doctor s
appointments, and in bed, making themselves emotionally and physically
unavailable to their children. Children may stay home from school to care for
their parent, and be placed at risk for academic and social delays. The extent
of the direct and indirect effects of parental abnormal illness behavior may
depend on the severity of the behavior, as well as the parent s own history of
childhood abuse and neglect. Pediatricians and other professionals who work
with children should be aware of the symptoms of abnormal illness behavior and
consider protective factors in any assessment of the family. Future research
should examine how parents with abnormal illness behavior perceive their child s health and the effects of the behavior on
the health and development of the child. 12 references.
KEY TERMS: munchausen
syndrome by proxy; sequelae; child development; mental disorders;
definitions; research
needs; risk factors; clinical intervention
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.wiley.com
TITLE: The Epidemic of
Rape and Child Sexual Abuse in the United States.
AUTHOR: Russell, D. E.
H.; Bolen, R. M.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Mills
Coll., Oakland, CA.
SOURCE: Sage Publications,
Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA., June 2000; p.
342
ABSTRACT: This
book evaluates 14 government- and privately-funded studies, including the
authors', to address the perceived wide variation in prevalence rates of
rape and child sexual abuse in the United States. It takes into consideration
the various definitions the studies have used for rape and sexual abuse, as
well as methodologies for collecting data. In particular, the book addresses
sexual victimization statistics compiled by the Federal Bureau of Investigation
and the Bureau of Justice Statistics, which the authors assert have
historically reported low incidence rates. A major goal of the evaluation was
to address widely publicized backlash criticism, from anti-femnists and others,
claiming that high sexual assault rates have been; greatly exaggerated. Results
validate the authors' premise that the FBI's and the BJS's methodologies are
inferior, and that the scope of the problems of rape and child sexual abuse
have reached epidemic levels. The authors offer recommendations for further
addressing the issues. Twenty tables; 13 figures; two appendixes; index;
numerous references.
KEY TERMS: rape; sexual abuse; laws; research; surveys;
government role;
statistics; data analysis
PUBLICATION TYPE: Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com/
TITLE: The Abused Child as
Parent: The Structure and Content of Physically Abused Mothers' Perceptions of Their Babies.
AUTHOR: Gara, M. A.; Allen, L. A.; Herzog, E. P.; Woolfolk,
R. L.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000
JOURNAL TITLE: Child
Abuse and Neglect
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: New
Jersey Univ. of Medicine and Dentistry, Piscataway. Dept. of Psychiatry.
SOURCE: 24(5): pp.
627-639; Elsevier Science Ltd., New
York, NY., May 2000; p. 355
ABSTRACT: Does
a mother's history of being physically abused as a child have a discernable
impact on the structure and content of her perceptions and beliefs concerning her own child? This study attempted to
provide an empirical answer. The studycontacted 185 as potential participants
in the longitudinal study; 103 agreed to participate. They were classified as
abused' or not-abused' based on their responses to a standard questionnaire.
The methodology involved free-response memories and current description of
babies, self, and significant others such as parents, when their babies were
six months, one year, and two years old. The two groups were compared with
respect to the age of baby, race, and socioeconomic status. Results showed
thatabused mothers were found to differ significantly from control mothers in
the structure and content of their free-response perceptions of their own babies. Specifically, abused
mothers lagged behind controls in how well differentiated were their negative perceptions of their babies. Conversely, abused
mothers were comparable to controls with respect to differentiation of positive
perceptions of babies. The authors assert that the
findings constitute a discovery about the structural organization of social
cognition in mothers at risk for child abuse. Five figures; 27 references.
(Author abstract modified.)
KEY TERMS: child
abuse history; abusive parents; children at risk; longitudinal studies; perceptions;
data collection; data
analysis; social cognition
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
TITLE: The Relationship of
Social Support to Physically Abused Children's Adjustment.
AUTHOR: Ezzell, C. E.; Swenson, C. C.; Brondino, M. J.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000
JOURNAL TITLE: Child
Abuse and Neglect
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Medical
Univ. of South Carolina, Charleston. Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral
Sciences.
SOURCE: 24(5): pp.
641-651; Elsevier Science Ltd., New
York, NY., May 2000; p. 356
ABSTRACT: With
a growing body of research linking increased levels of social support with
reduced adjustment difficulties in children experiencing chronic stressors,
this study used data from a sample of physically abused children and their
primary caretakers to address fundamental questions regarding the relationship
between social support and child adjustment. Specifically, the study had three
goals: to assess physically abused children's perceptions of teacher, peer, and family support; to determine whether the
levels of perceived support differ according to the person's
social role; and to assess which sources of social support show stronger
associations with adjustment in a physically abused sample. Participants
included 37 Medicaid-eligible physically abused children and their
self-identified primary parent or caregiver. Methodology included a shortened
version of the Survey of Children's Social Support, and answers were indexed by
child and parent reports of child depression, anxiety, and anger. Results
showed that children reported receiving a high level of support from all three
sources, with families rated as providing significantly greater levels of
support than teachers, while family and peer, and teacher andpeer support
levels did not differ significantly. In regression analyses, perceived peer support was significantly negatively related to children's
and parent's reports of children's depression and anxiety. Perceived family support was significantly negatively associated
with child-reported depression. Results suggest that peer and family support
are particularly important for physically abused children's psychological
functioning, particularly for internalizing problems. Thirty-two references.
(Author abstract modified.)
KEY TERMS: child
abuse; perceptions;
support systems; family
relationships; adjustment
problems; research; data analysis; therapists role
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
TITLE: Treating Secondary
Victims: Intervention With the Non-Offending Mother in the Incest Family.
AUTHOR: Strand, V. C.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Fordham
Univ., Tarrytown, NY. Graduate School of Social Service.
SOURCE: Sage Publications,
Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA., July 2000; p.
378
ABSTRACT: The
nonabusive mother of incest victims has unique psychological needs for her own
recovery from the trauma of the abuse and its effects on her perception of self and her role as wife, sexual partner, worker, and
mother. This book describes the mother as a secondary victim and examines the
influence of race, class, work history, and individual and family history on
her response to the sexual abuse of her child. The chapters review
countertransference issues, the impact of professional training, and social
attitudes about the fault of the mother. A conceptual framework for evaluation
and treatment is also presented, supported by numerous case studies. Phases of
the treatment model include engagement and assessment, early intervention in
response to traumatic effects, coping capacities, surfacing traumatic effects
of the incest, identification of relational consequences, and resolution.
Strategies for individual, group, and family treatment, and case coordination
are explained. The book also examines issues regarding custody and visitation
disputes and highlights future directions for research. Numerous references.
KEY TERMS: intervention
strategies; clinical intervention; nonabusive parents; mothers of abuse victims; incest;
therapeutic intervention;
program models; cultural factors
PUBLICATION TYPE: Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.sagepub.com/
TITLE: Childhood
Experiences of Domestic Violence.
AUTHOR: McGee, C.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: National
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, London (United Kingdom).
Child Protection Research Group.
SOURCE: Jessica Kingsley
Publishers, London (United Kingdom)., 2000;
p. 405
ABSTRACT: Fifty-four
children and their mothers were interviewed for a study about the best ways to
support children who have witnessed domestic violence, the perceptions of children and their mothers about
support services, and the typical +; sources of support sought by families.
Study participants were asked about the forms of domestic violence and child
abuse they experienced, triggers of violence, characteristics of abusers, and
the effects of witnessing violence on the child's identity, +; health,
education, friendships, and relationships with family members. This book
summarizes the findings of the study and identifies methods of coping and
barriers to assistance for the women and children. The responses of social
service agencies, law +; enforcement, schools, courts, and health professionals
to the needs of children affected by domestic violence are also reviewed and
assessed. The final chapter outlines recommendations for raising public
awareness of domestic violence, legal protection, +; professional training,
support services, and the protection of children during contact with the
abuser. Numerous references, 1 figure, and 1 table.
KEY TERMS: child
witnesses of family violence; spouse
abuse; service delivery; intervention strategies; policy formation; battered women; child
protection; sequelae
PUBLICATION TYPE: Book
INTERNET URL: http://www.jkp.com
TITLE: An Analysis of Rank
Effects on Child Maltreatment in the United States Army: 1983-1985.
AUTHOR: Soma, D. J.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000
SOURCE: In: Mercier, P. J.
and Mercier, J. D. (Editors). Battle Cries on the Home Front: Violence in the
Military Family. Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Ltd., Springfield, IL.,
2000; p. 430
ABSTRACT: Data
from surveys conducted by the United States Army were analyzed to determine
whether neglect and serious child abuse-related injuries were more common in
the junior enlisted grades. Overall, the Army child maltreatment rate was 7.5
per 1,000 children, 4 points lower than the national rate for 0-17 year olds.
However, maltreatment rates for younger children were comparable to the
national rate. An association was found between the rank of a parent and the
rate of maltreatment. Excluding maltreatment rates for E-1s and E-2s because
those individuals are in training, maltreatment was more common among E-3s than
E-7s. The maltreatment rate decreased steadily as rank increased. The rate also
declined with child age. Children age 0-2 years old were almost twice as likely
to be abused or neglected as 3-5 years olds and more than three times as likely
as 6-11 year olds. The risk of maltreatment is also higher for male children
than females. Possible explanations for these trends include the greater social
acceptability of physically disciplining boys, the income differences between
ranks, social isolation and difficult living conditions, family instability
related to mobility, lack of support for the family, and perceptions of low status and control over the environment.
Based on these findings, prevention programs should target the families of E-3s
through E-5s. 29 references and 9 tables.
KEY TERMS: statistical
data; incidence; child abuse research; armed forces; military personnel;
characteristics of abuser;
characteristics of abused;
predictor variables
PUBLICATION TYPE: Chapter
in Book
TITLE: Judgements About
Parenting: What Do Social Workers Think They Are Doing?
AUTHOR: Daniel, B.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000
JOURNAL TITLE: Child
Abuse Review
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Dundee
Univ., (Scotland). Center for Child Care and Protection Studies.
SOURCE: 9(2): pp.
91-107; John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.,
Chichester, West Sussex (United Kingdom)., 2000; p. 449
ABSTRACT: Scottish
social workers' beliefs about the elements of parenting that ensure a child's
well-being and their perceptions about what underpins their
decision-making about child care and protection were examined in this study. Q
methodology revealed eight different strands of opinion, three of which are
discussed in the article: that physical milestones are easier to assess than
emotional needs; that children can be happy, even in less than ideal
environments; and that positive attachment to the caregiver is the most important
characteristic of adequate parenting. The discussion indicates that there is
broad consistency of opinion within factors. That is, there is a link between
views about children's needs and decision-making.However, the different factors
also demonstrate that there are clusters of significantly different opinions
about priorities in assessing parenting. 28 references and 2 tables. (Author
abstract)
KEY TERMS: scotland; social workers attitudes; social workers role; decision making; values; cultural conflicts; parental adequacy; parenting
PUBLICATION TYPE: Journal
Article
INTERNET URL: http://www.wiley.com
TITLE: Grandparents
Raising Grandchildren: Theoretical, Empirical and Clinical Perspectives.
AUTHOR: Hayslip, B.
(Editor); Goldberg-Glen, R. (Editor)
PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000
AUTHOR AFFILIATION: University
of North Texas, Denton. Dept. of Psychology.
SOURCE: Springer Publishing
Co., Inc., New York, NY., August 2000;
p. 483
ABSTRACT: An increasing number of grandparents are being given custody of their grandchildren as nuclear family structures change with divorce, teenage childbirth, or conditions that prevent parents from caring for their children. Written for alltypes of professionals who work with families, this book reviews the research regarding grandparents raising grandchildren and describes the clinical and policy implications of the phenomenon. Section One focuses on theoretical and historical perspectives of custodial grandparenting with chapters that examine the demographic characteristics of grandparent caregivers, the influence of grandparents on their grandchildren, and the communication of beliefs and cultural from one generation to another. The second section explores the different ways in which grandparents care for their grandchildren. Topics include the emotional well-being of grandparents caring for children whose parents have HIV, cross-cultural differences in custodial grandparenting, and the differences between primary and secondary caregiving. Section Three addresses clinical perspectives, such as the physical and mental health of the grandparents, depression among grandparent caregivers, school-based interventions for children, perceptions